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Öğe Comparison of the thermoregulatory behaviours of low and high producing dairy cows in a hot environment(Elsevier Science Bv, 2006) Tapki, Ibrahim; Sahin, AhmetThis study was carried out to compare the thermoregulatory behaviours of low and high producing dairy cows in a hot environment. Forty-one Holstein Friesian cows in their first lactation were allocated to two groups (n = 21 for group 1, n = 20 for group 2) on the basis of their milk production: low (< 20 kg) and high (> 25 kg). For a period of 4 weeks, and 2 days per week, the behaviour of each cow was registered every 10 min for 6 h (06:00-07:00 h, 10:00-11:00 h, 13:00-14:00 h, 16:0017:00 h, 20:00-21:00 h and 23:00-00:00 h), recording the frequency of eating, drinking, ruminating, standing, resting and locomotion. When air temperature increased from 06:00 a.m. to 16:00 p.m., the frequencies of eating (31.7-17.4%) and ruminating (18.1-14.6%) decreased while standing (25.0-38.4%) and drinking (5.2-7.4%) increased in high producing dairy cow (P < 0.001). However, the changes the respective frequencies for low producing dairy cows were 21.5-15.7% for eating, 12.417.3% for ruminating, 23.1-33.8% for standing and 2.1-5.9% for drinking during the same times of day (P < 0.001). However, the changes the respective frequencies for low producing dairy cows were 21.5-15.7% for eating, 12.4-17.3% for ruminating, 23.1-33.8% for standing and 2.1-5.9% for drinking during the same times of day (P < 0.001). Overall, low and high producing dairy cows showed 14.3% versus 18.5% eating, 2.8% versus 4.5% drinking, 21.0% versus 19.4% ruminating, 28.4% versus 30.1% standing, 26.0% versus 24.1% resting, 5.5% versus 1.7% locomotor and 2.1% versus 1.7% other activities, respectively (P < 0.001). In conclusion, high producing dairy cows were more sensitive than low producing dairy cows as shown by the former cows spending more time in standing but less time resting and in locomotor activity. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Comparison of two conventional restricted daily milk allowance methods in dairy calf rearing with respect to growth and behavioural responses - 1. Growth responses(Medwell Online, 2007) Tapki, IbrahimThis study was carried out to investigate the differences between two milk feeding methods (allowances) based on 10% of birth weight or 10% of weekly adjusted live weight of dairy calves in respect to growth performance. Twenty Holstein Friesian calves (14 males, 6 females) were allocated into two different milk feeding schedules, one was based on 10% of birth weight (IBW, n = 10) and another was 10% of live weight which was determined on weekly basis (ABW, n = 10), for feeding whole milk during the rearing period. All calves were kept in individual pens located in a semi-open barn for 60 days. Feed intake, live weight, body length, withers height, heart girth, chest depth and rump height and width measurements of calves were determined for both groups. Daily calf starter intake were 490 vs 640 g (p<0.01), daily hay intake 150 vs 220 g (p<0.01), daily total feed intake 640 vs 860 g (p<0.01), daily milk allowance 5.06 vs 3.24 kg (p<0.01), daily live weight gain 530 vs 515 g (p>0.05), daily body length gain 0.213 vs 0.219 cm (p>0.05), daily withers height gain 176 vs 0. 164 cm (p>0.05), daily heart girth gain 0.288 vs 0.280 cm (p>0.05), daily chest depth gain 0. 119 vs 0. 114 cm (p>0.05), daily rump height gain 0. 163 vs 0. 154 cm (p>0.05) and rump width gain 0.069 vs 0,062 cm (p>0.05) were determined in ABW and IBW calves respectively. Starting time of calf starter intake, hay intake and rumination were 12 vs 9 days (p<0.01), 13 vs 11 days (p<0.01) and 14 vs 11 days (p<0.01) for ABW and IBW calves respectively. In conclusion, milk allowance during calf rearing by criterion of 10% of birth live weight basis encouraged calves better than that of 10% of adjusted live weight basis to compensate their increased nutritional requirements by consuming other foods calf starter and alfalfa hay.Öğe Comparison of two conventional restricted daily milk allowance methods in dairy calf rearing with respect to growth and behavioural responses - II. Behavioural responses(Medwell Online, 2007) Tapki, IbrahimThis study was carried out to investigate the differences between two milk allowance methods based on 10% of birth weight or 10% of weekly adjusted live weight of dairy calves in respect to growth performance. Twenty Holstein Friesian calves (14 males, 6 females) were allocated into two different milk feeding schedules, one was based on 10% of birth weight (IBW, n = 10) and another was 10% of live weight which was determined on weekly basis (ABW, n = 10), for feeding whole milk during the rearing period. Each calf was monitored seven times in a day and these observations were made twice a week for a period of 1 h starting at 06.00, 08.00, 12.00, 14.00, 18.00, 20.00 and 22.00 h in 10 min intervals for determining behavioural responses. ABW showed less eating calf starter behaviour (9.66% vs 14.17%), eating hay behaviour (8.04% vs 11.62%), drinking water (2.07% vs 3.92%) and ruminating behaviour (15.55% vs 20.08%) than IBW calves (p<0.01). ABW calves showed the higher rate of lying (17.39% vs 13.20%), standing (15.31 % vs 13.22%), restlessness (13.71 % vs 6.18%) and licking contact (5.81 % vs 2.09%) than IBW calves, except playing (12.46% vs 15.52%) (p<0.01). To conclude, weekly increased milk allowance decreased nutritional behaviours which may lead to delay in ruminal development, increased restlessness behaviour which susceptible to poorer welfare in dairy calves.Öğe Effect of space allowance on behaviour of newborn milk-fed dairy calves(Elsevier Science Bv, 2006) Tapki, Ibrahim; Sahin, Ahmet; Onal, Ali GalipThis study was carried out to investigate the behaviour of newborn milk-fed dairy calves in different sized individual pens. Twenty-one Holstein Friesian calves were allocated to three different sized pen types (small 1 m x 1.5 m, medium 1.5 m x 1.5 m and large 2 m x 2 m) located in a semi-open barn for 60 days following 3-day colostrum feeding. Each calf was observed twice a week for 1 h at 5 min intervals in different times of a day after the initiation of daily feeding. Animals were monitored for eating, ruminating, drinking, walking, standing, playing and resting activities. The proportional count of eating 17.10, 19.74, 20.02%; ruminating, 13.21, 16.42, 14.81 %; drinking 1.42, 2.18, 0.84%; walking 0.76, 4.23, 5.85%; standing 23.34, 19.66, 15.07%; playing 2.11, 2.80, 2.59% and resting 39.95, 30.60, 38.46% respective to the space allowances small, medium and large were found significantly different (P < 0.01). Space allowance differences did not significantly affect calf starter intake and alfalfa hay intake as found no significant effect on daily live weight gain (P > 0.05). Results showed that the increased space allowances from 1.5 to 4 m(2) for each calf changed the behaviour of dairy calves. Space allowance of 1.5 m(2) for each calf resulted in the higher percentage of standing behaviour compared to the larger space allowances. In conclusion, there was no effect of space allowance on daily live weight gain of dairy calves; but most likely, feel themselves better when kept in medium and large sized pens based on the determined behavioural results. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe The Effect of Straw Bedding Usage in Loose Housing Systems on Behavior and Milk Production of Holstein Dairy Cows(Medwell Online, 2009) Karakok, Serap Goncu; Uslucan, Bedriye; Tapki, Ibrahim; Gokce, GokhanThirty one Holstein Friesian cows were allocated to two groups. For a period of 7 weeks, twice a week, the behavior of each cow was registered for 9 h (07:00, 09.00, 10.00, 11.00,13:00, 14.00, 15.00, 17.00 and 19:00 h) eating, drinking, ruminating, standing, resting, locomotor and other behaviors were recorded. The frequencies of eating, drinking, ruminating, standing, resting, locomotor and other behaviors for bedding and nonbedding usage groups were 32.9 and 34.6% (p>0.05); 1.7, 2.6% (p<0.01); 20.3 and 20.5% (p>0.05); 20.5 and 28.4% (p<0.01); 14.8 and 7.9% (p<0.01); 8.5 and 4.4% (p<0.01) and 1.7 and 1.5% (p>0.05), respectively. The percentage of the eating behavior of cows of the bedding group at 9:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 17:00 observations were higher than the nonbedding group, while the other results at different observation hours show reverse results. As a result, the amount of time cows spend resting is higher in the bedding group, which is considered to significantly influence their comfort level. Resting behavior is an indicator of animal welfare and as such, this result suggests that bedding usage in loose housing systems provides a more comfortable and socially interactive environment that satisfies conditions of a more positive animal experience.Öğe Effects of individual or combined housing systems on behavioural and growth responses of dairy calves(Taylor & Francis As, 2007) Tapki, IbrahimThis study was carried out to investigate the effects of individual versus combined housing systems on behavioural and growth responses of dairy calves in order to test the hypothesis that when calves were kept in early age individually and later in groups, they would increase growth performance and social behaviours. Twenty-four Holstein Friesian calves were allocated to two different housing systems. After three days of colostrum feeding, individually housed (IH) calves were kept in pens (1 m x 1.5 m) for 60 days while combined housed ( CH) calves were kept in group pens (3 m x 3 m) for 30 days after individual housing during the period of 4-33 days. Each calf was monitored twice a week for a period of 1 h starting at 08.00, 10.00, 12.00, 18.00, 20.00 and 22.00 h at 10-min intervals. Behavioural activities were playing, walking, licking objects, idle standing, lying, restlessness, grooming and tongue playing. Calves' live weights, body measurements and feed intakes were determined on a weekly basis. The results were: 1) combined housing calves increased their calf starter intake (37.35 +/- 1.24 kg vs. 23.39 +/- 0.86 kg; p<0.001), alfalfa hay intake (8.76 +/- 0.35 kg vs. 7.14 +/- 0.43 kg; p<0.05) and total feed intake (46.11 +/- 91.04 kg vs. 30.53 +/- 0.86 kg; p<0.001) compared to individual housed calves; 2) combined housing increased the proportional events of playing (12.80 vs. 2.86%), walking (19.14 vs. 3.81%) and grooming (8.06 vs. 4.60%), but decreased licking objects (1.03 vs. 2.94%), idle standing (20.73 vs. 36.29%), lying (30.19 vs. 39.53%) and restlessness (1.69 vs. 3.47%) compared to individual housing systems (p<0.001) without affecting tongue rolling (6.36 vs. 6.50%); 3) combined housing system increased body weight gain by about 2.36 kg and body length by about 1.48 cm per calf compared to those kept in individual pens (p<0.05). In conclusion, combined housing system provided calves more opportunity to show their walking, playing and grooming activities, reflecting increases in feed intake, body weight gain and length compared to individual housing system.Öğe Effects of Oregano Essential Oil on Reduction of Weaning Age and Increasing Economic Efficiency in Holstein Friesian Calves(Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2020) Tapki, Ibrahim; Ozalpaydin, Huseyin Bahadir; Nuran, Tapki; Aslan, Mehmet; Selvi, Muhammet HanifiThis study examined the potential use of oregano essentail oil as a milk additive for purposes of reducing weaning age; increasing economic efficiency; promoting calf growth as well as for improving blood parameters and general health status of Holstein Friesian calves. Twenty-eight Holstein Friesian calves were allocated into three groups: (a) Control calves were fed with whole milk (n=10), (b) OreganoLow (n=9), and (c) OreganoHigh (n=9) calves were fed with whole milk, plus 100 and 150 mg/l oregano essential oil per kg milk respectively. The amount of the milk offered on daily basis was calculated as 10% of each calf live weight and was given in two meal times. All calves were kept in individual pens during experimental period. Calves got weaned following the consumption of daily 900 g of concentrate feed over three consecutive days. Results demonstrated that OreganoLow calves marked improved growth performance, earlier weaning age and lower farm costs (P < 0.05) compared to Control and OreganoHigh calves. To conclude, dietary oregano essential oil seems to be a potential liquid feed additive that improves feed efficiency, health status, growth performance, and that reduces diarrhea incidents, hastens weaning age and minimizes dairy farm costs when used at the level of 100 mg/l.Öğe Initial Body Condition Score at the Fattening Affects on the Behavioural and Physiological Responses of Holstein Friesian Steers under Heat Stress(Academic Journals Inc, 2012) Tapki, IbrahimThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of initial Body Condition Scores (BCS) on fattening performance, behavioural and physiological responses of dairy fattening steers as a thermal insulator under heat stress. Thirty six Holstein Friesian steers were allocated to three groups. For a period of 5 weeks, twice a week, the behaviour of each steer was registered for 4 h (07:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 22:00 h), recording of eating, lying, fighting, ruminating, standing, grooming and other behaviours. Steers having higher body condition score decreased feed intake (p = 0.007) and daily weight gain with poorer feed efficiency (p<0.001). The frequencies of eating, drinking, ruminating, standing, lying, grooming, fighting and other behaviours for low, moderate and high body condition scored (LBCS, MBCS and HBCS, respectively) of steers were 12.53, 11.58, 8.93 (p<0.001); 2.22, 3.31, 3.17 (p = 0.428); 11.73, 9.85, 9.20 (p = 0.023); 17.17, 16.07, 14.20 (p = 0.025); 10.77, 12.73, 17.77 (p<0.001); 3.41, 3.20, 1.71 (p = 0.003); 1.16, 2.40, 4.51 (p<0.001) and 1.01, 0.86, 0.51 (p = 0.023) min h(-1), respectively. The frequencies of heart rate, respiration rates, rectal temperatures and skin temperatures were 58.82, 62.40 and 63.87 pulses min(-1) (p<0.001), 42.30, 44.30 and 47.10 breaths min(-1) (p<0.001), 38.10,. 38.30 and 38.40 degrees C (p = 0.246) and 32.89, 32.92 and 32.97 degrees C (p = 0.432), respectively. In conclusion, initial body condition at fattening affects on the fattening performance, behavioural and physiological responses of steers, suggesting that (LBCS) animals were more adaptive and productive in fattening under heat stress.
