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Öğe Effects of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) Disclosures on ESG Scores: Investigating the Role of Corporate Governance for Publicly Traded Turkish Companies(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Taskin, Dilvin; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Depren, Serpil Kilic; Pata, Ugur KorkutThe world has experienced climate-related issues, which increase the importance of ESG disclosures and corporate governance (CG) of companies, which take place at the heart of economies. Therefore, improving ESG disclosures and CG practices becomes significant to combat climate change at the company level. Considering that Turkiye restructured ESG disclosures in 2022, this study investigates the role of CG on the nexus between ESG scores of publicly traded companies (PTC) and ESG reports. So, the study analyzes 102 PTC (full sample), 51 PTC in Borsa Istanbul Corporate Governance Index (in-sample), and the remaining 51 PTC (out-sample) using ESG disclosures of 2022 and applying novel super learner (SL) algorithm. Our results show that (i) SL has a higher prediction performance reaching similar to 94.3%; (ii) the environment (governance) layer has the highest (lowest) total relative importance (contribution) to ESG scores in all samples; (iii) C8, S6, and E5 are the most important ESG principles in the full sample, in-sample, and out-sample, respectively; (iv) the contribution of each ESG principles to the total ESG scores varies by sample; (v) CG plays a smoothing role for the relative importance of each ESG principle, while the relative importance in the out-sample shows much higher volatility. Overall, the study reveals the non-linear contributions of ESG principles on ESG scores and suggests that PTC should prioritize highly important ESG principles, consider the moderating role of CG on the link between ESG scores and ESG disclosures, and use ESG disclosures as a strategic tool to develop ESG scores and disclosures.Öğe How are electricity generation effective on carbon neutrality in the global south? Evidence from sectoral CO2 emissions by daily data(Elsevier, 2024) Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Taskin, DilvinIn light of the efforts to ensure carbon neutrality by combating climate-related problems, the study investigates the effectiveness of electricity generation (EG) from the main renewable sources (hydro-HEG, solar -SEG, and wind-WEG). In this context, the study examines the countries of the Global South (i.e., Brazil, China, and India), considers EG at a disaggregated level and sectoral CO 2 emissions, applies nonlinear methods, and uses daily data between January 2, 2019 and December 31, 2022. The results demonstrate that (i) disaggregated EG sources have a stronger (weaker) time and frequency dependency on sectoral CO 2 emissions in China (Brazil and India); (ii) HEG has a stimulating impact on sectoral CO 2 emissions in all countries; (iii) SEG has an increasing impact on sectoral CO 2 emissions in Brazil and China, while it provides a decrease in sectoral CO 2 emissions in India; (iv) WEG upsurges sectoral CO 2 emissions in China, while it achieves a CO 2 reduction in Brazil and India; (v) disaggregated level EG has a causal impact on sectoral CO 2 emissions across all quantiles except some lower, middle, and higher quantiles. The study adds scientific value to existing knowledge by analyzing for the first time which EG sources are effective in reducing daily CO 2 emissions in the Global South. Based on the outcomes, the study demonstrates that WEG is the best EG source for Brazil, that SEG and WEG are optimal EG sources for India, and that China cannot benefit from the EG sources considered. In this way, the study provides fresh insights for the countries of the Global South and underlines the crucial role of renewable EG in ensuring carbon neutrality.Öğe Impact of disaggregated level clean electricity on CO2 emissions: Evidence from EU-5 countries by bivariate and multivariate QQ approaches(Sage Publications Ltd, 2024) Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Taskin, Dilvin; Mukhtarov, ShahriyarConsidering the energy crisis in Europe and searching for alternatives, this study investigates the impact of clean electricity generation (EG) types on the environment. So, the study focuses on EU-5 countries (Germany-DEU, Spain-ESP, France-FRA, United Kingdom-GBR, and Italy-ITA), uses CO2 emissions as environmental indicator, and considers clean EG types as explanatory variables by controlling geopolitical risk. Accordingly, the study uses data from 2(nd) January 2019 to 29(th) February 2024 and applies bivariate and multivariate quantile-on-quantile regression (BQQ & MQQ) and Granger causality-in-quantiles (GCQ) as the fundamental approaches, while quantile regression (QR) is performed for the consistency check. The outcomes reveal that (i) hydro EG increases CO2 emissions across countries excluding DEU at lower and middle quantiles; (ii) solar EG curbs CO2 emissions at middle quantiles in DEU, higher quantiles in ESP and FRA, and middle and higher quantiles in ITA; (iii) wind EG has an almost decreasing impact across quantiles excluding higher quantiles in DEU and FRA; (iv) clean EG types are almost causally impactful on CO2 emissions across quantiles; (v) geopolitical risk decreases the power of the impact of clean EG alternatives on CO2 emissions, but does not change them in a reverse way. To sum up, the impact of clean EG types on CO2 emissions in EU-5 countries varies across EG types, quantiles, and countries. Thus, the study suggests that wind EG is highly beneficial for all EU-5 countries, while there is also room for growth to benefit from hydro and solar EG for some countries.