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    Efficiency of GNSS-based Tractor Auto Steering for the Uniformity of Pass-to-Pass Plant Inter-Row Spacing
    (Univ Namik Kemal, 2024) Topcueri, Mustafa; Keskin, Muharrem; Sekerli, Yunus Emre
    Precision agriculture (PA) includes advanced technologies to increase efficiency and profitability of agricultural operations from tillage to harvest and offers sustainability of the natural resources and the environment. Automatic steering (AS) is the mostly-used PA technology in the world and in Turkiye providing many benefits. It has potential for efficient and sustainable agronomic practices including soil ridge tillage and sowing. Adequate spacing is needed to provide equal living area for each plant in sowing. Thus, in mechanized planting, pass-to-pass plant inter-row spacing (PIRS) should be equal in parallel passes. Research on the benefits of the AS for providing uniform PIRS in sowing is very limited. This work aimed to appraise the pass-to-pass PIRS deviations in planting with GNSS-based AS with three signal correction sources (RTK, CORS, SBAS) and without AS (manual steering) for comparison. The data were obtained from 24 farmer fields (cotton and corn) with PIRS set values of 70-75 cm located in the Cukurova region of Turkiye. Pass-to-pass PIRS values were manually measured and the deviations from the set value were analyzed in terms of root mean square error (RMSE). The mean PIRS variations in sowing by manual steering (7.4 cm) were found as significantly higher than the AS based soil ridge tillage and / or sowing (CORS: 5.0 cm, SBAS: 5.9 cm, RTK: 6.7 cm) (p<0.05). In sum, it was found that the AS technology offers benefits in lowering the pass-to pass PIRS variations but the level of benefit changes from farmer to farmer; hence, the AS should be used cautiously with proper settings for greater benefits.