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Öğe Detection and Evaluation of Forest Fires in Hatay Between 2013-2021 By Using Satellite Images(2021) Geçen, Reşat; Topuz, MuhammetHatay is located in a critical region where many forest fires occur almost every year. Forest fires\rhave become more dangerous with global climate change. Burned areas in forest are quickly and reliably\rdistinguished on satellite images, due to the reflection characteristics of healthy and unhealthy plants are\rdifferent. The purpose of the study is detection and evaluation of forest fires that occurred in Hatay between\r2013-2021 from satellite images. Burned areas, their vegetation and geomorfological properties have been\rinvestigated. Landsat 8 satellite images have been obtained for the detection of burned forest areas. Between\r2013 and 2021, one image has been obtained and used for each year. As method NBR (Normalized Burnt\rArea Index) index, which is the most widely used in the literature, has been used. As a result; it has been\rrevealed that a total of 7811 hectares of forest area burned in Hatay province between 2013-2021 years. In\raddition, the degree of influence of the vegetation type and geomorphological features on the burned areas\rwas questioned. The most burned areas by years occurred in 2020 (4642,7 ha), 2013 (1852,5 ha), and 2018\r(581,4 ha), respectively. According to distribution of the burned areas by districts, Antakya has the largest\rvalue, Samandağ and Arsuz districts follow Antakya, respectively. 250-750 m. elevation zone, 15-30 degree\rslope range, South-Southeast and Southwest aspects, correspond to the geomorphological features where\rforest fires are concentrated. According to vegetation type, most of the burned areas consisted of Pinus\rbrutia.Öğe An Investigation of the Chemical Composition of Bottom Sediments from Dried Lake Gavur of Turkiye by Using XRF and Multivariate Data Analysis(Gazi Univ, 2024) Topuz, Muhammet; Keskin, Muharrem; Karabulut, Murat; Kilic, Nurgul KarliogluLake sediments offer valuable information about the geographical, climatic and environmental variations. This work was carried out to examine the chemical elements of eleven sediment samples from the old bottom (0-5m; 0.5m increments) of the dried Lake Gavur in Turkiye by applying XRF along with PCA and PLSR data analyses methods. The highest and negative correlations were observed for Sr (-0.89), S+SO3 (-0.74) and Zr+ZrO2 (-0.61) with sampling depths meaning that their concentrations were lower in deeper locations (4.0-5.0 m). In contrast, Ti+TiO2 (0.60), Al+Al2O3 (0.53) and Cu+CuO (0.51) had high and positive correlations and their quantities increased as the depth increased. The age of the two samples (at 2.5 m and 5.0 m) was determined as 4752 +/- 33 BP years (2.5 m) and 5470 +/- 35 BP (5.0 m). Ca+CaO content was found as lower and Ti+TiO was higher in the deeper sediment (5.0 m) indicating rainy periods. PCA clustered the samples into two groups as deeper samples (4.0-5.0 m) and other samples (0.0-3.5m) while PLSR grouped them into three clusters as deeper (4.0-5.0 m), medium -depth (1.5-3.5 m) and shallower (0.0-1.0m) samples. PLSR model had a good performance to estimate the sampling depth from the chemical elements (R2cal=0.95; R2val=0.67) which means that the variations of the chemicals were highly dependent on the sampling depth. A general comment that can be obtained for the lake from the geochemical proxies is that: After a rainy period between 5.0m and 4.0m, there was a gradual drought up to 2.5m and a maximum dry period at 2.5m. It was a wet period between 2.5m and 1.0m and the second period with maximum precipitation was not as effective as seen in the first one.Öğe Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Tedbirleri Sürecinde Hava Kirliliği Parametrelerinde Meydana Gelen Değişimler: Doğu Akdeniz Örneği(2021) Topuz, Muhammet; Karabulut, MuratÇin’in Wuhan kentinde 2019 yılının Aralık ayında görülmeye başlanan Koronavirüs (Covid-19), tüm Dünya’da olduğu gibi Türkiye’dede hayatın sağlık başta olmak üzere eğitim, üretim, ticaret, sosyal vb. pek çok alanını etkilemiştir. Covid-19 kapsamında sokağa çıkmakısıtlaması gibi bazı tedbirler alınmış olup; bunlar da kısmi olarak hava kalitesinde iyileşmeye neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada amaç;Covid-19 kapsamında alınan tedbirlerin hava kalitesine etkisinin Doğu Akdeniz özelinde incelenmesidir. Çalışmada, TC Çevre veŞehircilik Bakanlığı’nın Ulusal Hava Kalitesi İzleme Ağı (UHKİA) internet sayfasından Adana, Mersin, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş veOsmaniye illerinde bulunan toplam 9 adet ölçüm istasyonun 01.01.2019-01.06.2020 tarihleri arasındaki günlük ölçüm verileri alınarakanaliz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde; özellikle 2020’nin Mart ayından itibaren 01.06.2020’ye kadar neredeyse tüm istasyonlarınPM 10 ve SO2 başta olmak üzere ölçülen tüm kirletici değerlerinde bir önceki yılın aynı dönemine (Mart-Haziran 2019) göre belirginbir düşüş görülmektedir. Yapılan istatistiksel analizlerin sonuçlarına göre; Kahramanmaraş Merkez, Hatay İskenderun ve Adana Valilikistasyonlarının PM 10 kirleticileri hariç, tüm istasyonların kirletici değerlerinin ortalamalarında 2019 ve 2020 yıllarının Mart-Hazirandönemleri arasında % 99 güven aralığında anlamlı farkların olduğu görülür. Bu durum, günümüzde hızla artan çevre kirliliğine bağlıolarak İnsan-Çevre Geleneği doğrultusunda insan-çevre ilişkisinin yeniden düzenlenmesi gerektiği mesajını vermektedir.Öğe Trend analysis of precipitation data in Turkey and relations to atmospheric circulation: (1955-2013)(Firenze Univ Press, 2020) Topuz, Muhammet; Feidas, Haralambos; Karabulut, MuratClimate change is expected to significantly affect the precipitation regime of the Mediterranean basin where Turkey is located. This study investigates the trends of seasonal and annual precipitation time series of 29 rain gauge stations of the Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS) for the period 1955-2013, using two statistical tests based on a simple linear regression model and the well-known Mann-Kendall test. The non-parametric Sen's slope estimator was used to estimate the slope of the trend. The results of the trend analysis at the national scale for the entire period 1955-2013 revealed a clear significant upward trend of 5.5%/decade only for autumn precipitation. No significant trend was found in the annual and other seasonal time series. The investigation of abrupt precipitation changes in the series averaged over Turkey resulted in a distinct significant upward trend in autumn precipitation starting in 1984 and a downward trend in winter precipitation initiating in 1971, which, however, seems to start reversing after 1996. The influence of atmospheric circulation on the precipitation variability in Turkey was assessed using five atmospheric circulation indices: North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI), Mediterranean Oscillation Index (MOI), Mediterranean Circulation Index (MCI), Eastern Mediterranean Pattern Index (EMPI) and North-Sea Caspian Pattern Index (NCPI). The analysis of the circulation indices revealed an important link between precipitation variability in Turkey and some atmospheric teleconnection patterns, expressed mainly by the indices of NAOI and MCI.Öğe The vegetation history of Lake Gâvur and surrounding areas during the last 4400 years BP (Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye)(2023) Topuz, Muhammet; Kılıç, Nurgül Karlıoğlu; Dağdeviren, Rüya Yılmaz; Karabulut, MuratIn the context of interpreting and planning today's environment, it is crucial to be aware of the characteristics of past periods. Lake sediments and the fossilized pollen they contain provide us with valuable information about past vegetation. This study discusses the paleovegetation records of sediment core of Lake Gâvur (Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye), which was dried in the 1970s. The area determined as the study site, Gâvur Lake and its vicinity, is of great importance for paleogeographic studies. In the region, there are ancient settlements dated back to the Neolithic period. Furthermore, excavations in the region are bringing to light well-preserved elephant fossils. A 5 m-long sediment core was obtained with an Eijkelkamp core sampler and palynological samples were taken at 10 cm intervals. The prepared samples were analyzed according to the standard method. The sediments were dated by AMS radiocarbon dating of bulk at two levels. Among arboreal pollen (AP) from approximately 4400 cal yr BP, the dominant arboreal taxa were Pinus, Cedrus, Quercus and Fraxinus. Initially, AP dominated NAP (non-arboreal pollen) along with the pollen diagram, and AP gradually decreased up to the present. The evaluation of the fossil pollen percentage indicates that in that period arboreal taxa were more widely distributed around the lake than they are in the present. Inferred major causes for the increase of pollen percentage of Poaceae and Asteraceae in the LG-3 (upper) zone of the pollen diagram are anthropogenic impacts.
