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    Molecular Detection and Characterization of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' Associated With Phyllody on Narcissus tazetta in Türkiye
    (Springer, 2024) Boztas, Kadir; Derecik, Kayhan; Caglayan, Kadriye; Tulum, Isil
    In the winter of 2019, typical phyllody, flower sterility, and stunting symptoms were observed on daffodil plants (Narcissus tazetta) in the Mersin province of T & uuml;rkiye. Molecular analyses were carried out on 16S rRNA genes of these plants to identify the cause of these symptoms and detect the presence of phytoplasma. DNA extracted from symptomatic plant samples was amplified via nested polymerase chain reaction using the universal primers P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2. The 16S rRNA gene amplicons from nine samples which were exhibiting severe phyllody symptoms were sequenced, nucleotide BLAST analysis revealed a 99.9% identity match among them and 99.91% with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali'. Further analyses of the 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic tree, computer-simulated restriction fragment length polymorphism (virtual RFLP) and conventional RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA gene using MseI, TaqI, RsaI and SspI restriction endonucleases led to assign the phytoplasma to 16Sr group X and subgroup A. For finer characterization of 'Ca. P. mali' strain in daffodils, a PCR based multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was performed on three distinct genetic loci including nitroreductase and rhodanase-like genes, ribosomal protein genes rpl22 and rps3, and secY gene. The BLAST results showed 99.9% match to 'Ca. P. mali' AP-15 subtype (GenBank Accession Number: AJ542541). Electron microscopic examination of the infected daffodil plants revealed the presence of pleomorphic phytoplasma units in the sieve elements of the phloem tissues. Although 16SrX-A subgroup phytoplasmas have frequently been reported from woody plants, to our knowledge this is the first report of 'Ca. P. mali' (16SrX-A) infecting daffodil plants worldwide.
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    Molecular detection of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ associated with virescence in Narcissus tazetta in Turkey
    (Technology Society of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023) Boztas, Kadir; Kocabag, Hamide Deniz; Derecik, Kayhan; Gazel, Mona; Sipahioglu, Hikmet Murat; Caglayan, Kadriye; Tulum, Isil
    In the winter 2019 virescence, flower sterility, and stunting symptoms were observed in daffodil plants in Mersin province of Turkey. To detect the presence of phytoplasmas ten plants showing symptoms and ten asymptomatic plants were assayed by PCR analysis. The nested-PCR analysis of extracted DNA with universal primer pairs amplifying 16S phytoplasma ribosomal gene were positive for 9 out of the 10 symptomatic daffodil samples. BLAST analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences, virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and RFLP analyses confirmed the presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ in Narcissus tazetta plants. The detected strains of ‘Ca. P. mali’ were sequenced and compared in multiple alignments using sequences in NCBI GenBank. The nucleotide identity among the 16S rDNA gene fragments ranged between 99.26 and 99.91% to ‘Ca. P. mali’, ribosomal subgroup 16SrX-A. Although phytoplasmas in this subgroup have been reported frequently from woody plants, this is the first report of a ‘Ca. P. mali’ strain infecting daffodil plants. © 2023, Technology Society of Basic and Applied Sciences. All rights reserved.
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    Phytoplasma resistance
    (Elsevier, 2023) Tulum, Isil; Caglayan, Kadriye
    Phytoplasmas are a severe threat to agriculture in many countries causing serious yield losses in a wide range of economically important crops. They exhibit a unique life cycle compared with other plant pathogenic bacteria, which make them difficult to control. The complex tritrophic interactions between insect-plant-phytoplasma play a very important role in understanding and managing the spread of phytoplasma diseases. The current understanding for phytoplasma disease management mainly relies on prevention rather than treatment. Use of clean (disease-free) plant materials, use of techniques to cure infected materials, destruction of diseased plants, and insect vector control using insecticides had been the common management strategies. Among these strategies, the breeding of disease-resistant cultivars may provide a direct and efficient way to combat many devastating phytoplasma diseases. This chapter discusses the genetic and induced resistance mechanisms, the production of genetically engineered plants by introducing disease-resistance genes into cultivated crops, the use of resistance inducers to reduce the disease symptoms, and the current status of resistant cultivars in Asian countries particularly in India, Iran, Japan, and Turkey. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.