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Öğe Assesment of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness with Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Psoriasis(Galenos Yayincilik, 2014) Rifaioglu, Emine Nur; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Sen, Bilge Bubul; Ekiz, OzlemObjective: Psoriasis is an auto inflammatory disorder that affects the skin and joints. Psoriasis-related conditions that involve the eye are mainly blepharitis, conjunctivitis and keratitis and these conditions are seen in about 10% of psoriasis patients. However optic neuritis and pathologies of visual fields are rarely seen. Our study aims to investigate the mean retinal nerve fibres layer (RNFL) thickness using OCT in patient psoriasis. Methods: A total of 40 patients with psoriasis and 35 controls were included in our study. The average retinal nerve fibre layer thickness was measured using the optic disc cube protocol (200x200) and the Cirrus SD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) device. The statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS v 19 software programme. Results: The mean psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) was 8.04 and the mean disease duration was 8.9 years. The average RNFL thickness was not statistically different between the patients and the controls, and there was no correlation between the mean RNFL thickness and the severity and duration of the disease. Conclusion: To our knowledge this study is the first assessment of RNFL thickness in patient with psoriasis. However, of greater scope are needed to investigate possible retinal changes in such patients.Öğe Assessment of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Age-related Macular Degeneration(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2015) Ilhan, Nilufer; Daglioglu, Mutlu Cihan; Ilhan, Ozgur; Coskun, Mesut; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Kahraman, Hilal; Keskin, UgurcanPurpose: To investigate the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as an indicator of inflammation in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: Patients were evaluated by a review of records. The study included 81 patients with dry AMD (group 1), 84 patients with wet AMD (group 2), and 80 healthy age-and sex-matched controls (group 3). The NLR of the patients was obtained from the hospital laboratory archive and was measured by dividing the neutrophil count by the lymphocyte count. Results: A significant difference was found in NLR values between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.017), groups 2 and 3 (p<0.001), and groups 1 and 3 (p<0.001). In correlation analyses, NLR was correlated positively with age (r = 0.22, p<0.001) and disease severity (r = 0.40, p<0.001). Conclusions: Patients with AMD have higher NLR compared with controls, and NLR correlates with disease severity. NLR may be used as a biomarker of inflammation in AMD.Öğe Bilateral Abducens Paralysis Secondary to Compression of Abducens Nerve Roots by Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia(Informa Healthcare, 2013) Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Bayarogullari, Hanifi; Coskun, Mesut; Yilmaz, Cahide; Ilhan, Nilufer; Daglioglu, Mutlu Cihan; Aras, MustafaVertebrobasilar dolichoectasia is characterized by dilatation, tortuosity, and marked elongation of the vertebral and basilar arteries. Dolichoectatic arteries usually have thin arterial walls secondary to degeneration of the internal elastic lamina, reticular fibre deficiency, and smooth muscle atrophy. This anomaly is relatively uncommon and generally asymptomatic. Clinical manifestations of dolichoectasia result from the compression and displacement of adjacent structures, causing cranial nerve palsy, obstructive hydrocephalus, or ischaemic stroke. The authors present a case in which vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia led to the development of bilateral abducens nerve paralysis in a 9-year-old girl.Öğe Bilateral Macular Cyst After Electric Shock(Karger, 2014) Coskun, Mesut; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Firincioglu, Yener[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Bilateral Serous Detachment Associated with Latanoprost/Timolol Fixed Combination Use: A Report of One Phakic Case(Hindawi Ltd, 2012) Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Keskin, Ugurcan; Coskun, Mesut; Ilhan, Ozgur; Daglioglu, Mutlu; Oksuz, HuseyinWe present a case of bilateral diffuse serous detachment associated with latanoprost/timolol fixed combination treatment which was recovered after changing treatment.Öğe A case of bilateral giant macular hole with chronic renal failure(Gazi Eye Foundation, 2014) Da?lio?lu, Mutlu Cihan; Adibelli, Fatih; Ilhan, Nilüfer; Coşkun, Mesut; Tuzcu, Esra AyhanA 25-year old male with chronic renal failure admitted to our outpatient clinic. He had a history of cataract surgery for the both eyes. The patient noticed reduced vision during the hemodialysis procedure one year after the cataract surgery. Ophthalmological examination revealed bilateral giant macular holes. It is rare in the literature that a patient has bilateral giant macular holes associated with chronic renal failure. We aimed to present such giant bilateral holes in the current study. © 2015 Hematolojik Hastaliklarda Góz Bulgulari.Öğe A Case of Multipl Cranial Nerve Involvement Caused by Skull Base and Orbital Wall Fractures(Elsevier Science Bv, 2013) Ilhan, Nilufer; Ilhan, Ozgur; Parlakfikirer, Nihan; Coskun, Mesut; Tuzcu, Esra AyhanPost-traumatic skull base fractures can cause cranial nerve paralysis. Mortality and morbidity rates are high in skull base fractures. Treatment modalities should be determined by a multidisciplinary evaluation. Here a case of crushing head injury with right abducens, facial and left optic nerve palsies caused by skull base and orbital fracture is presented.Öğe Changes in the cornea related to sickle cell disease: a pilot investigation(Wichtig Publ, 2015) Coskun, Mesut; Ilhan, Ozgur; Ilhan, Nilufer; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Daglioglu, Mutlu Cihan; Kahraman, Hilal; Elbeyli, AhmetPurpose: To investigate corneal structural changes (central corneal thickness, endothelial cell count, and cellular morphology) in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Methods: This prospective study included 56 patients with SCD and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects without any eye disease aside from refractive errors. Endothelial cell density (ECD), percentage of hexagonality, and the coefficient of variation in cell size (CV) were measured using noncontact specular microscopy, and central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured by pachymetry. Results: The mean CCT value was 509.6 +/- 20.7 mu m in the study group and 520.8 +/- 23.6 mu m in the control group. The mean ECD, CV, and percentage of hexagonality values in the study group were 2712 +/- 335 cells/mm(2), 34.5 +/- 5.3%, and 57.2 +/- 6.6%, respectively, and 3030 +/- 247 cells/mm(2), 31.6 +/- 5.0%, and 60.4 +/- 6.9% in the control group, respectively. Endothelial cell density (p = 0.001), CCT (p = 0.011), CV (p = 0.005), and percentage of hexagonality values (p = 0.018) were significantly different between the study and control groups. Conclusions: The results of the current study indicate that patients with SCD had considerable morphologic changes in the structure of the cornea when compared to healthy subjects.Öğe Changes of optical quality after blinking(Duzce University Medical School, 2014) Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Kılıç, Kuddusi; Özkırış, Abdullah; Erşekerci, Tülay Karacan; İlhan, NilüferPurpose: To investigate changes in the optical quality of normal eyes associated with blinking. Methods: Between the ages of 18-46 (30.43 ± 9:54), ranging from 60 healthy subjects (28 male, 32 female) were included in the study. Process postblink aberration measurements of the patients after 1 second (group 1) and 10 seconds (group 2) were made with Nidek-OPD SCAN. Results: Between group 1 and group 2, no significant difference was detected in the high-order and spherical aberrations (p>0.05). Conclusion: A layer of tear film in normal subjects remained stable up to 10 seconds ensures that the optical quality is good. © 2012 Düzce Medical Journal.Öğe Comparing the effect of two different intraocular lenses on optical aberrations in bilaterally operated eyes for cataract(Professional Medical Publications, 2013) Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Erkilic, Kuddusi; Bulut, Betul; Ilhan, NiluferObjective: To assess high order and spherical aberrations results of hydrophobic acrylic AMO Sensar AR40E and hydrophobic acrylic Alcon AcrySof SA60AT intraocular lenses after implantation in cases with bilateral cataract. Methods: Cases diagnosed as bilateral cataract were included in the study and preoperative aberration measurements were recorded by using Nidek OPD SCAN-ARK 1000. Groups were created by implanting AMO Sensar AR40E to one eye of the patients, while Alcon AcrySof SA60AT into the other in a prospective and randomized manner. Aberration measurements were recorded after one and two months of surgery. Results: Overall, 40 eyes in 20 patients (11 women and 9 men) were included in the study. All patients underwent bilateral phacoemulsification surgery due to cataract. There were 20 eyes in both groups. Mean age was 62.4 (range: 31-82) years. There was no significant difference in aberrations recorded before surgery and one and two months after surgery in both groups. (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There was no difference among spherical intraocular lenses used in this study.Öğe Comparison of sugammadex and neostigmine-atropine on intraocular pressure and postoperative effects(Elsevier Taiwan, 2016) Hakimoglu, Sedat; Tuzcu, Kasim; Davarci, Isil; Karcioglu, Murat; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Hanci, Volkan; Aydin, SuzanDuring surgery, changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) can be observed resulting from several factors, such as airway manipulations and drugs used. We aimed to investigate the effects of sugammadex and neostigmine on IOP, hemodynamic parameters, and complications after extubation. Our study comprised 60 patients, aged 18-65 years, with a risk status of the American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II who underwent arthroscopic surgery under general anesthesia. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups. At the end of the surgery, the neuromuscular block was reversed using neostigmine (50 mu g/kg) plus atropine (15 mu g/kg) in Group 1, and sugammadex (4 mg/kg) in Group 2. Neuromuscular blockade was monitored using acceleromyography and a train-of-four mode of stimulation. IOP was measured before induction and at 30 seconds, 2 minutes, and 10 minutes after extubation. A Tono-Pen XL applanation tonometer was used to measure IOP. This showed that elevation in IOP of patients reversed using sugammadex was similar to that recorded in patients reversed using neostigmine-atropine. When heart rate was compared, there was a significant difference between basal values and those obtained at 30 seconds and 10 minutes after extubation in the neostigmine-atropine group. Extubation time (time from withdrawal of anesthetic gas to extubation) was significantly shorter in the sugammadex group (p = 0.003) than in the neostigmine -atropine group. The postextubation IOP values of the sugammadex group were similar to the neostigmine-atropine group. Extubation time (time from withdrawal of anesthetic gas to extubation) was significantly shorter in the sugammadex group (p = 0.003) than in the neostigmine-atropine group. Copyright (C) 2016, Kaohsiung Medical University. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.Öğe The Effect of Enoxaparin-Containing Irrigation Fluid Used During Cataract Surgery on Postoperative Inflammation in Patients With Diabetes(Elsevier Science Inc, 2013) Ilhan, Ozgur; Ilhan, Nilufer; Coskun, Mesut; Daglioglu, Mutlu Cihan; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Ayintap, Emre; Keskin, UgurcanPURPOSE: To investigate effects of enoxaparin on postoperative inflammation in patients with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and nuclear cataract. DESIGN: Prospective masked controlled trial. METHODS: SETTING: Institutional practice. STUDY POPULATION: The study included 51 eyes of 51 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with moderate NPDR and grade 2-3 nuclear cataracts. Group 1 included randomly selected patients who received enoxaparin in balanced salt solution (BSS) during cataract surgery, while standard BSS was used in Group 2. OBSERVATION PROCEDURE: Patients were followed up 1 day, 1 week, and 1 and 2 months after the surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anterior chamber cell and flare. RESULTS: Postoperatively, 20 patients from Group 1 and 4 patients in Group 2 had less than a mean of 10 cells at day 1 (P = .012). At the first week, 20 patients from Group 1 and 10 patients from Group 2 had less than a mean of 10 cells (P = .004). When compared for flare, 20 patients from Group 1 and 8 patients from Group 2 had a flare between 0 and + 1 at postoperative day 1 (P < .001). By the end of postoperative first week, 24 patients from Group land 18 patients from Group. 2 had a flare between 0 and + 1 (P = .012). There was no difference between groups in terms of postoperative inflammation at the first and second months after the surgery. CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest that enoxaparin added into the infusion fluid may reduce postoperative inflammation in patients with DM, and this result supports the anti-inflammatory effect of enoxaparin. ((C) 2013 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)Öğe Effect of Intravitreal Injection of Dexamethasone Implant on Corneal Endothelium in Macular Edema Due to Retinal Vein Occlusion(Karger, 2014) Ilhan, Nilufer; Coskun, Mesut; Ilhan, Ozgur; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Daglioglu, Mutlu Cihan; Keskin, Ugurcan[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Effect of intravitreal injection of dexamethasone implant on corneal endothelium in macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Ilhan, Nilufer; Coskun, Mesut; Ilhan, Ozgur; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Daglioglu, Mutlu Cihan; Elbeyli, Ahmet; Keskin, UgurcanObjective: To evaluate the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) implant (Ozurdex(R)) on corneal endothelium in patients with retinal vein occlusion complicated with macular edema. Materials and methods: Patients (n = 31) received 1-3 intravitreal DEX implants in one eye. Measurements were intraocular pressure (IOP) at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after the first intravitreal injection and corneal specular microscopy and central corneal thickness (CCT) at baseline and 1 and 6 months. We analyzed endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation of cell size (CV), and percentage of hexagonality. Results: Mean follow-up period was 9.7 +/- 3.3 months. Mean number of injections was 1.5 +/- 0.8. Mean IOP values were 15.6 +/- 2.6mm Hg at baseline, 17.7 +/- 3.6mm Hg at one month, 16.4 +/- 4.1mm Hg at three months, and 16.0 +/- 2.7mm Hg at six months. There was a significant difference in mean IOPs at one month and six months (p = 0.008). There were no significant differences in mean ECD (p = 0.375), CV (p = 0.661), percentage of hexagonality (p = 0.287), and CCT (p = 0.331). Conclusion: Although intravitreal injection of 0.7mg DEX causes moderate elevation of IOP, it does not seem to have detrimental effects on corneal endothelium at six months.Öğe Effect of Radioactive Iodine Therapy on Lacrimal Gland Functions in Patients With Hyperthyroidism(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014) Aydogan, Fusun; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Aydogan, Akin; Akkucuk, Seckin; Coskun, Mesut; Ustun, Ihsan; Gokce, CumaliBackground Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy is preferred in the treatment of hyperthyroidism because of its effectiveness, noninvasiveness, and low costs. I-131 has been detected in extrathyroidal tissues, such as in gastric mucosa, salivary glands, and lacrimal glands. To the best of our knowledge, there is no publication concerning the effects of RAI therapy for hyperthyroidism on tear production. In the present study, we evaluated whether or not the lacrimal glands are affected after RAI therapy when compared with pretreatment period. Methods The Schirmer and tear break-up time (TBUT) tests were used to assess 32 eyes of 16 patients with conditions that were diagnosed as hyperthyroidism before and at 3 and 6 months after RAI treatment. In addition, pretreatment values of patients were compared with that of controls. It was evaluated whether or not a correlation exists between the results and the dose or iodine uptake values. Results There was no significant difference between pretreatment values of Schirmer and TBUT tests obtained in the patient group and those of the control group (P > 0.05). In the patient group, there was a significant difference between the posttreatment and pretreatment values (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between uptake values obtained at 24 hours and the values obtained by TBUT and Schirmer tests on both eyes at 3 and 6 months. At 6 months, the uptake value at 24 hours was 28.83 +/- 60 for both eyes in patients with TBUT test values less than 10, whereas it was 39.25 +/- 7.88 for the right eye and 39.00 +/- 6.85 for the left eyes in patients with TBUT test values greater than 10. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions In our study, we concluded that the decrease in mucin and aqueous production occurs due to affected lacrimal glands by RAI therapy; however, this effect is not dose dependent.Öğe Effectiveness of sub-Tenon's block in pediatric strabismus surgery(Elsevier Science Inc, 2015) Tuzcu, Kasim; Coskun, Mesut; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Karcioglu, Murat; Davarci, Isil; Hakimoglu, Sedat; Aydin, SuzanBackground and objectives: Strabismus surgery is a frequently performed pediatric ocular procedure. A frequently occurring major problem in patients receiving this treatment involves the oculocardiac reflex. This reflex is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a sub-Tenon's block on the oculocardiac reflex, pain, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Methods: Forty patients aged 5-16 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists status I-II undergoing elective strabismus surgery were included in this study. Patients included were randomly assigned into two groups by using a sealed envelope method. In group 1 (n=20), patients did not receive sub-Tenon's anesthesia. In group 2 (n=20), following intubation, sub-Tenon's anesthesia was performed with the eye undergoing surgery. Atropine use, pain scores, oculocardiac reflex, and postoperative nausea and vomiting incidences were compared between groups. Results: There were no significant differences between groups with regard to oculocardiac reflex and atropine use (p> 0.05). Pain scores 30 min post-surgery were significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1 (p< 0.05). Additional analgesic needed during the postoperative period was significantly lower in group 2 compared to group 1 (p< 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, we think that a sub-Tenon's block, combined with general anesthesia, is not effective and reliable in decreasing oculocardiac reflex and postoperative nausea and vomiting. However, this method is safe for reducing postoperative pain and decreasing additional analgesia required in pediatric strabismus surgery. (c) 2014 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of Smoking on Central Corneal Thickness and the Corneal Endothelial Cell Layer in Otherwise Healthy Subjects(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2016) Ilhan, Nilufer; Ilhan, Ozgur; Coskun, Mesut; Daglioglu, Mutlu C.; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Kahraman, Hilal; Keskin, UgurcanObjectives:The effects of smoking on central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), and morphology were evaluated in otherwise healthy subjects.Methods:The study included 103 current smokers and 106 healthy nonsmoking subjects without any eye disease apart from refractive errors. Endothelial cell density, percentage of hexagonality, and coefficient of variation (CV) in cell size were measured using noncontact specular microscopy. Central corneal thickness was measured by ultrasound pachymetry.Results:The mean age of participants in the nonsmoker group was 31.4 5.1 years (18-60) and 33.0 +/- 9.1 years (18-58) in the current smoker group. The mean CCT value was 523.7 +/- 34 m in the nonsmoker group and 518.5 +/- 37 m in the smoker group. The mean ECD, CV, and percentage of hexagonality values were 2,881 +/- 293.7 cells per square millimeter, 32.5 +/- 6%, and 56.6 +/- 11% in the nonsmoker group, and 2,681 +/- 323.9 cells per square millimeter, 33.4 +/- 5%, and 55.5 +/- 10% in the smoker group, respectively. Although there was no difference between the groups in terms of CCT, CV, and percentage of hexagonality values, a significant difference was determined in the case of ECD values (P<0.001). The smoker group comprised 67 light smokers (65.0%) and 36 (35.0%) heavy smokers. Between these groups, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean values of CCT, ECD, CV, and the percentage of hexagonality.Conclusions:Although cigarette smoking has no effect on cell polymorphism and polymegethism, the results suggest that smoking reduces endothelial cell count.Öğe The effects of soft contact lens use on cornea and patient's recovery after autograft pterygium surgery(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Daglioglu, Mutlu Cihan; Coskun, Mesut; Ilhan, Nilufer; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Ilhan, Ozgur; Keskin, Ugurcan; Ayintap, EmrePurpose: To investigate usage of soft contact lens (SCL) on post-operative pain relief and daily, activity due to pterygium surgery. Methods: Autograft pterygium surgery was performed to 63 eyes of 63 patients. After surgery in 30, eyes of 30 patients in group-1, SCL was placed on the cornea. In 33 patients of group-2, antibiotic, pomade was applied and tightly covered with bandage. Follow-up visits were performed on 24th and, 48th h after the surgery. Re-epithelization time and pain scores were compared. Results: Patients' 24th h pain score was 2.96 +/- 0.76 in group-1, and 4.15 +/- 0.75 in group-2. The mean, pain score for 48 h was 1.66 +/- 0.66 in group-1, and 2.96 +/- 0.68 in group-2. Patients' pain scores for, both 24th h and 48th h were lower in group-1 (p < 0.01). The mean re-epithelization times in, group 1 and 2 were 48 and 56.7 h, respectively. Corneal re-epithelization is improved in patients, with SCL compared to group 2. Conclusion: SCL seems effective on reducing post-operative pain and eye stinging, and may accelerate, corneal re-epithelization and maintaining daily activities. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Contact Lens Association. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of sub-Tenon's anaesthesia on ocular hemodynamics(Canadian Ophthal Soc, 2014) Coskun, Mesut; Daglioglu, Mutlu Cihan; Davran, Ramazan; Ilhan, Niluefer; Ilhan, Oezguer; Tuzcu, Esra Ayhan; Ayintap, EmreObjective: To research the effects of sub-Tenon's anaesthesia (STA) on ocular hemodynamics in patients with cataract using colour Doppler imaging (CDI). Design: Prospective clinical study. Participants: Thirty-four eyes of 34 patients with age-related cataract. Methods: Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistive index (RI) values of the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery, and central retinal vein were measured by CDI before and immediately after performing sub-Tenon block using 2 mL of 2% lidocaine with adrenaline (1:200 000). Results: Both PSV and EDV values were significantly decreased after sub-Tenon injection in all the studied vessels of the patients. However, no important changes were observed in the RI values of the vessels. Conclusions: STA markedly reduced ocular blood flow. The reduction may be more acceptable compared with other retrobulbar block methods. Sub-Tenon block should be performed carefully to senile patients with cataract with vascular occlusive disorder.Öğe The factors affecting the development of phthisis bulbi after penetrating eye injuries(Turkish Assoc Trauma Emergency Surgery, 2012) Coskun, Mesut; Atas, Mustafa; Akal, Ali; Ilhan, Ozgur; Keskin, Ugurcan; Tuzcu, Esra AyhanBACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the factors affecting the development of phthisis bulbi after penetrating eye injuries. METHODS The medical records of 132 patients admitted to our clinic between 2000-2006 with the diagnosis of penetrating eye injury were collected. The records of the eight patients who developed phthisis bulbi were evaluated retrospectively. The aspects of anatomic localization, type of trauma, associated events, and development of phthisis bulbi were also investigated. RESULTS The mean age of the eight patients (5 males, 3 females) was 7.12 +/- 4.70 years (range: 2-16 years) and the mean follow-up time was 2.06 +/- 1.47 years (range: 6 months-5 years). Three of eight patients developed post-perforation endo-phthalmitis. Three patients had zone 2-3 scleral perforation and associated retinal detachment and the remaining two patients had proliferative vitreoretinopathy according to the trauma; all eight patients eventually developed phthisis bulbi. The mean time for the development of phthisis bulbi was 5.5 +/- 2.13 months (range: 3-10 months). CONCLUSION After penetrating eye injuries, visual prognosis and development of phthisis bulbi were affected significantly by the factors including anatomic localization, size of the injury, associated anterior or posterior segment pathologies, and endophthalmitis secondary to the trauma.
