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Öğe An Analysis of Energy Use Efficiency and Environmental Prices of Grapefruit (Citrus Paradisi) Production in Turkey: A Case of Hatay Province(Springer, 2023) Soyler, Oktay; Eren, Omer; Ugurluay, SelcukThe aim of this research was to determine the amount of energy input and output used for grapefruit production in the province of Hatay, one of the most important citrus production centers in Turkey, and to conduct energy efficiency and environmental price analyses accordingly. This study was performed for the 2020 production season in Arsuz, Erzin, Dortyol, and Samandag towns in Hatay province. The data were collected from 42 different grapefruit growers by using a face-to-face questionnaire method. The agricultural input values, input energies, output values, and output energies used in grapefruit production were computed to determine the energy efficiency. Also, environmental prices were calculated depending on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of agricultural inputs. According to the results of the research, the energy input was found to be 60,944.87 MJ ha(-1), and the output was 107,982.64 MJ ha(-1) in grapefruit production. The environmental price was 464 euro ha(-1), and the total GHG emission was calculated as 8140.35 kgCO(2-eq) ha(-1). Electricity consumption accounted for 42.06% of the total GHG emissions in grapefruit production. This was followed by the use of nitrogen fertilizer, at 16.94%. The GHG ratio was found to be 0.13 kgCO(2-eq) kg(-1). Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy efficiency, and net energy value were determined as 1.77, 0.96 MJ kg(-1), 1.04 kg MJ(-1), and 47,037.77 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The renewable energy usage rate was 14.14% of the total energy input. Energy efficiency should be increased in grapefruit production, and more renewable energy should be used for sustainable agriculture and a clean environment.Öğe Bulk Peanut Shell Behavior under Static Loads and the Associated Physico-Mechanical Properties(Univ Philippines Los Banos, 2019) Ugurluay, Selcuk; Akcali, Ibrahim DenizIn order for the peanut shell waste to have an economic value, it should be processed mechanically. Among others, for instance, utilization of peanut shells as a fuel source or insulation material requires them to be compressed. Thus, for a rational design of such machinery, there is a need to know the behavior of peanut shells under compressive static loads and the associated physico mechanical properties. To those ends, experiments were carried out, using the local Turkish cultivars Osmaniye, Silifke, Anamur and Antalya. Mathematical models for force-deformation, pressure-strain and pressure-density relationships were obtained from the test data. Linear and non-linear behaviors in the first, third and second regions of the test domain were determined, respectively. Limiting values of pressure, density, stiffness, bulk moduli, compression ratio and compression energy per volume were estimated. For the cultivars tested, stiffness values varied between 19.7 and 52.6 N mm(-1) in the first region, between 12402.0 and 5111.2 N mm(-1) in the third region. Bulk moduli ranged from 0.184 to 0.471 N mm(-2) in the first region, and from 46.886 to 110.182 N mm(-2) in the third region. Compression energy per volume and compression ratio were found between 0.1976 and 0.2916 N mm.mm(-3), and between 4.0 and 4.4, respectively.Öğe Comparing the Performance of Conventional and Stripping Headers in Wheat Harvest(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2010) Say, Sait M.; Ince, Ahmet; Ugurluay, Selcuk; Soysal, AlperThe aim of this study was to compare the performance of conventional and stripping headers, which can be an alternative for cereal harvesting, in terms of technical and management aspects. For this purpose, grain looses, effective field capacity and fuel consumption values of both two headers were determined. Field tests were conducted based on split plots in randomized blocks that header (conventional and stripping), forward speed (5, 7 and 9 km h(-1)) and moisture content of grain (11 and 16%) were chosen as independent variables. It was obtained that the forward speed and the moisture content were effective on grain looses and fuel consumption statistically (P < 0.01). In harvest with conventional header at 5 km h(-1) forward speed, total grain looses and fuel consumption were 0.79%, 10.4 l ha(-1) and 0.71%, 12.2 l ha(-1) for 11 and 16% moisture contents, respectively. Total grain looses decreased with increase in forward speed and moisture content in harvesting with stripping header. For stripping header, total grain looses ranged between 1.11-0.86% and 0.82%-0.59 for 11% and 16% moisture contents, respectively. Fuel consumption decreased with increasing forward speed, but it increased with increasing moisture content. These values varied from 6.4 to 8.0 l ha(-1) for high moisture content and varied from 7.6 to 8.8 l ha(-1) for low moisture content. Comparing the conventional header at ideal forward speed (5 km h(-1)) with the stripping header at highest forward speed (9 km h(-1)), it was found that the total losses were almost same for both two headers, the effective capacity was 153% higher and the fuel consumption was 32% less for stripping header.Öğe Design, Fabrication, and Determination of the Optimum Working Conditions of a Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pneumatic Bagging System(Univ Philippines Los Banos, 2024) Ugurluay, Selcuk; Somay, AliThe peanut bagging process is not mechanized, it requires a large amount of human labor. In addition, the shovel or canister used in bagging breaks the peanut shell that causes losses. The purpose of this study is to reduce the required workforce by mechanizing the peanut bagging process, and to determine the optimum working criteria (hose diameter and air velocity) of the prototype machine. A peanut pneumatic bagging machine powered by a tractor power takeoff (PTO) was designed and fabricated to convey peanut pods from the ground and fill the product into the bags. To determine the optimum working conditions of the machine, tests are conducted using three hose diameters (100, 120, and 160 mm) and three air speeds (23, 25, and 27 m s(-1)). Machine work capacity, fuel consumption, and physical product damage were identified. The terminal velocity value of the peanut pods was calculated as 14.48 +/- 2.08 m s(-1). Air speed twice the terminal velocity was applied to prevent pressure drop in the transport pipe and ensure flow continuity. The hose with a diameter of 160 mm give the highest work capacity and the lowest fuel consumption. The air velocity of 27 m s(-1) in the hose was the most successful in terms of both work capacity and fuel consumption. No product damage was verified during the trials, and the prototype machine was found to be effective for the peanut bagging process.Öğe Development and Analysis of a Belt Picking System for Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Harvesting(Galenos Publ House, 2020) Ugurluay, Selcuk; Cardak, GizemIn this study, a picker system with a belt-pulley mechanism, which can be used in sesame harvesting only to aim grabbing the plant stems, was designed and manufactured. In addition, the optimum working criteria were determined in laboratory conditions. To this aim, catching efficiency of the picker was evaluated statistically depending on different pulley diameters (155, 185 and 210 mm), belt speeds (0.55, 0.66 and 0.77 m s(-1)) and belt gaps (0 and 5 mm). The catching efficiency increased as the pulley diameter, the belt speed and the belt gap increased. The picking system was found to be successful on catching the plant stems. Furthermore, the coefficient of friction between the plant body and the catching belt was determined according to the stem moisture content. As the stem moisture content decreased, a slight decrease was observed in the coefficient of friction between the belt material and the stem.Öğe Development of a vibrationless sorting system(Spanish Natl Inst Agricultural & Food Research & Technolo, 2021) Ugurluay, Selcuk; Akcali, Ibrahim DenizAim of study: Size classification is essential in many industrial processes. Most classical sorting systems use vibrations as a means of classification function. In this study, a vibration-free sorting system called helical cylindrical screen has been developed against the disadvantages of vibrating systems and proposed to be used in the sorting of crop seeds. Area of study: Adana City, Turkey. Material and methods: The movement of the seed mass on the screen surface was formulated and the mass movement along the circular-helical paths was analytically expressed, leading to some operational parameters for evaluation in the screen design. By combining the mass movement parameters with effective separation conditions, an algorithm was obtained against the desired mass flow rate to determine the appropriate values of the design parameters. Experiments were performed on the machine, which was manufactured to sort peanut seeds into two different sizes, small and large. Main results: The results obtained in the experiments (separation efficiency, mass flow rate, effect of grain size on separation efficiency and equilibrium angle) were compared with the theoretical ones. The separation efficiency of the machine (99% and above) was quite good and is not affected at all by the small size ratio contained in the mixtures. The limitations of the theoretical velocities (axis and tangent) of a seed moving on the cylindrical sieve were found to be consistent with those obtained experimentally. Research highlights: The helical cylindrical sieve can be used for other particulate agricultural products with smooth surfaces such as soybeans, kidney beans, peas, etc.Öğe ENVIRONMENTAL PRICES AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MANDARIN (Citrus reticulata) PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF HATAY PROVINCE TURKEY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2022) Soyler, Oktay; Eren, Omer; Ugurluay, SelcukThe main objective of this study was to determined environmental prices and energy efficiency for mandarin (Citrus reticulata) production in Hatay province of Turkey. This study was performed for 2019 production season in Arsuz, Erzin, Dortyol and Samandag towns in Hatay province of Turkey. The data provided from study were collected from 78 different mandarin productioner by using a face to face questionnaire method. Environmental prices were calculated depent with greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of agricultural inputs. Also, the agricultural input values, input energies and output values, output energies used in mandarin production were calculated to detetthine the energy efficiency. According to the study findings, the environmental prices in mandarin production was calculated as 430.11 ha(-1). Total GHG emission was calculated as 7545.87 kgCO(2-q) ha(-1) for mandarin production with the greatest portions for electricity usage (39.42%). The electricity usage followed up nitrogen fertilizer (17.67%), water consumption of irrigation (14.49%), human labour (6.88%), diesel fuel consumption (4.96%), phosphate fertilizer usage (4.77%), machine usage (2.66%), fatutyard manure usage (2.64%), potassium fertilizer usage (2.07%), herbicides usage (1.71%), fungicides usage (1.60%) and insecticides usage (1.14%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.23 kgCO(2-eq) kg(-1). Energy efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy calculations were calculated respectively as 0.98, 1.73 MJ kg(-1), 0.58 kg MJ(-1) and -1134.65 MJ ha(-1).Öğe Impact Resistance of Peanut(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2013) Ugurluay, Selcuk; Akcali, Ibrahim Deniz; Guzel, Emin; Ince, AhmetIn this work, impact resistance of whole pod peanuts was studied, depending on its descriptive physical properties. An apparatus was designed and fabricated to realize this goal experimentally. In the experiment, a sufficient number of peanuts from each type supported on different materials underneath were struck by various materials in different configurations. The conditions of kernel and peanut shell were then recorded. The raw experimental data were processed by means of a developed computer program to evaluate the shelling percentage versus dynamic pressure, energy at impact, dynamic load, impact velocity, and dynamic deformation. Results showed that use of an iron grate in a shelling machine provided the most suitable material condition for the effectiveness of the impact method.
