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Öğe Alien flora of Turkey: checklist, taxonomic composition and ecological attributes(Pensoft Publishers, 2017) Uludag, Ahmet; Aksoy, Necmi; Yazlik, Ayse; Arslan, Zubeyde Filiz; Yazmis, Efecan; Uremis, Ilhan; Cossu, Tiziana AntonellaThe paper provides an updated checklist of the alien flora of Turkey with information on its structure. The alien flora of Turkey comprises 340 taxa, among which there are 321 angiosperms, 17 gymnosperms and two ferns. Of the total number of taxa, 228 (68%) are naturalized and 112 (32%) are casual. There are 275 neophytes (172 naturalized and 103 casual) and 61 archaeophytes (52 naturalized and 9 casual); four species could not be classified with respect to the residence time. In addition, 47 frequently planted taxa with a potential to escape are also listed. The richest families are Asteraceae (38 taxa), Poaceae (30), Fabaceae (23) and Solanaceae (22). As for the naturalized alien plants, the highest species richness is found in Asteraceae (31 taxa), Poaceae (22), Amaranthaceae (18) and Solanaceae (15). The majority of alien taxa are perennial (63.8% of the total number of taxa with this life history assigned, including those with multiple life histories), annuals contribute 33.8% and 2.4% are biennial aliens. Among perennials the most common life forms are phanerophytes, of which 20.3% are trees and 12.6% shrubs; woody vines, stem succulents, and aquatic plants are comparatively less represented. Most of the 340 alien taxa introduced to Turkey have their native ranges in Americas (44.7%) and Asia (27.6%). Of other regions, 9.1% originated in Africa, 4.4% in Eurasia, 3.8% in Australia and Oceania and 3.5% in the Mediterranean. The majority of taxa (71.9%) were introduced intentionally, whereas the remaining (28.1%) were introduced accidentally. Among the taxa introduced intentionally, the vast majority are ornamental plants (55.2%), 10.0% taxa were introduced for forestry and 6.7% as crops. Casual alien plants are most commonly found in urban and ruderal habitats (40.1%) where naturalized taxa are also often recorded (27.3%). Plants that occur as agricultural weeds are typically naturalized rather than casual (16.0% vs 7.1%, respectively). However, (semi) natural habitats in Turkey are often invaded by alien taxa, especially by those that are able to naturalize.Öğe Allelopathic potentials of residues of 6 brassica species on johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.](Academic Journals, 2009) Uremis, Ilhan; Arslan, Mehmet; Uludag, Ahmet; Sangun, Mustafa KemalJohnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) is a troublesome weed species of many crops in Turkey as well as worldwide. Allelopathic potential of residues of some brassica species, which are round white radish (Raphanus sativus L.), garden radish ( R. sativus L.), black radish ( R. sativus L. var. niger), little radish ( R. sativus L. var. radicula, turnip ( Brassica campestris L. subsp. rapa) and rapeseed ( Brassica napus L. oleifera DC.) on johnsongrass were investigated under both laboratory and field conditions. All species suppressed johnsongrass in field and laboratory conditions. The lowest suppression was from garden radish, which has already been used to control johnsongrass by few farmers in Turkey. It is concluded that the plants studied can be used to control johnsongrass. Higher amount of isothiocyanates ( isothiocyanate benzyl, Isothiocyanate allyl) in black radish extract and lower amount of isothiocyanates at garden radish extract were determined. Parallel results for johnsongrass suppression and amount of isothiocyanates show that allelopathy play roles in johnsongrass suppression by brassica species.Öğe Biological weed control(Elsevier, 2018) Uludag, Ahmet; Uremis, Ilhan; Arslan, MehmetThe biological approach, as an integral part of integrated and sustainable weed control approaches, has an increasing importance and consideration due to increasing environmental and anthropogenic problems. Successful weed control through use of biological agents has a background of more than a couple of centuries. In this chapter, we started with a more classical way of biological approach to introduce arthropods, mainly insects, followed by examples of redistribution of local arthropods. In the bioherbicide section, we have focused on formulated natural products and formulations. Biological weed control faces problems such as inadequacy of finance, some side effects, and conflicting views. However, biological methods are expected to provide more promising weed control practices in the future. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Comparing the emergence of Echinochloa crus-galli populations in different locations. Part II: similarities and threshold parameters(Wiley, 2022) Royo-Esnal, Aritz; Onofri, Andrea; Taab, Alireza; Loddo, Donato; Necajeva, Jevgenija; Uludag, Ahmet; Synowiec, AgnieszkaThe variability in the emergence process of different populations was confirmed for two Echinochloa crus-galli populations, one from Italy (IT) and the second from Norway (NO). Seeds were sown in 12 localities over Europe and the Middle East, and the emergence patterns of IT and NO were compared with those of several local populations at each location. Seeds of each population were sown in pots buried to the ground level. The base temperature (T-b) for emergence was estimated by (1) analysing logistic models applied to the field emergence of IT and NO, and (2) a germination assay set in winter 2020 at constant temperatures (8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 26, 29 degrees C) with newly collected seeds in 2019 from the same fields where IT and NO had previously been harvested in 2015. The logistic models developed for IT and NO in each location showed that the emergence pattern of IT was similar to that of the local populations in Poland, Italy, Spain, Turkey South and Iran, while NO fitted better to those in Sweden and Latvia. No germination was obtained for IT in a germination chamber, but the estimated T-b with the logistic model was 11.2 degrees C. For NO, the estimated T-b was 8.8 degrees C in the germination chamber and 8.1 degrees C in the field. Results suggest that adaptation to local environmental conditions has led to inter-population differences in T-b and parameter estimates of thermal-time models to predict the emergence of E. crus-galli should only be used for populations with similar climatic and habitat conditions.Öğe Determination of critical period for weed control in the second crop corn under Mediterranean conditions(Academic Journals, 2009) Uremis, Ilhan; Uludag, Ahmet; Ulger, Ahmet Can; Cakir, BulentWeeds are a major constraint in corn production. Understanding the critical period for weed control (CPWC) can be a tool for effective weed control and reducing the impacts of weeds. Three experiments were conducted to determine CPWC in the second corn crop from 1996 to 1998. The critical period for weed control in the second crop corn in the mediterranean region was determined to be from 131 to 927 growing degree days (GDD) after sowing in 1996, from 337 to 731 GDD in 1997 and from 266 to 551 GDD in 1998 for 10% yield loss; for 2.5 - 5% yield loss, the critical period starts with germination and lasts longer. Preemergence (PRE) or presowing (PPI) herbicides would be preferred to avoid higher yield losses. If a farmer can tolerate 10% yield loss, a postemergence (POST) herbicide can be applied in the second week after crop sowing, and the field should be kept weed free for 4 or 5 weeks. The duration of weed competition and time of weed removal also affect tasseling, silking, plant height, stem diameter, first ear's height and number of kernels in an ear, all of which correlate with corn yield.Öğe Phenological development of barnyard grass plants originating from different geographical locations(Wiley, 2022) Necajeva, Jevgenija; Royo-Esnal, Aritz; Loddo, Donato; Jensen, Peter; Taab, Alireza; Synowiec, Agnieszka; Uludag, AhmetBarnyard grass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv] is a competitive C-4 weed species that is widely distributed throughout the world. Although it originated in warm climatic conditions, currently, it is found in Europe as far north as Norway. This study aimed to compare the phenological development of plants from different climatic conditions in varying environmental conditions. To represent the contrasting climatic conditions within Europe, seeds were collected in Norway and Italy, and distributed to the study participants, to be sown at 10 different sites as two common populations. In addition to that, seeds of two to three local populations were collected near each of the sites. The development of the plants was monitored in a pot experiment set up under field conditions. The time to reach heading in the first year of the experiment was 77.6% faster (ranging from 45.9 to 98.3% on average) in the Norwegian than in the Italian population. However, in the leaf development stage, the difference between the common populations was smaller by, 23.5% on average (0-46.7%) and was mostly not significant. Our results indicate that different E. crus-galli ecotypes, characterized by differences in their phenological development, evolved within the distribution area of this species in Europe. However, the early development of the plants progressed with negligible differences between populations. The findings reported here can be used to adapt existing models from one region to regions with different climatic conditions for use in decision support systems and for research into plant population dynamics.Öğe The Possible Role of Bird Migrations on Introduction and Spread of Invasive Alien Plants: A Case Study, Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2024) Uludag, Ahmet; Uremis, Ilhan; Kozbas, Ayseguel Iliker; Soylu, Soner; Erkilic, Lerzan Bakircioglu; Ilcim, AhmetSolanum elaeagnifolium (SOLEL), a native plant of the Americas is a highly spread invasive alien species worldwide with impacts on biodiversity and agriculture. It has a long history in Mediterranean basin and the Middle East where Turkiye is located but there was no record except one in 2006 from the eastern the Mediterranean of Turkiye of which introduction was attributed to migrating birds. Despite widespread and large populations in neighboring countries, not detecting SOLEL in Turkiye had been questionable. The aims of the study were to find out new populations of SOLEL in Turkiye and understand the reason of less population occurred in Turkiye. Two areas were selected near the country borders of Turkiye which are known as migrating bird routes. Areas were visited unregularly several times from 2020 to 2023 to find out SOLEL populations. New populations were detected in the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean Regions of Turkiye which are over 1000 km apart from each other. SOLEL populations and bird migration routes through Turkiye and countries SOLEL has already been recorded were compared. It is concluded that SOLEL might be introduced by migrating birds. It is suggested that more detailed research is needed to explain the role of migrating birds in invasive alien plants' introductions. Furthermore, plants around wetlands which birds use in their migration routes should be observed to prevent new plant invasions.Öğe Weed species in banana (Musa spp.) production systems in Turkiye(Soc Brasileira Ciencia Plantas Daninhas-Sbcpd, 2023) Torun, Hilmi; Ozkil, Mine; Uremis, Ilhan; Uyar, Sevgi; Uludag, AhmetBackground: Banana (Musa spp.) cultivation, has a centaury history in open fields in Mediterranean part of Turkiye has become enlarged for three decades due to benefits of covered production. Objective: Weed species, their frequencies, distributions and reasons under current techniques and geographical attributes in banana fields and greenhouses were determined to provide data to develop strategies and systems for sustainable weed management and cultivation of banana. Methods: Weeds and their coverage and densities were determined in banana fields and greenhouses surveying 2% of banana production acreage in 2021-2022. Results: 68 different species of 25 families were recorded. The most common weed species were Cardamine occulta, Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Conyza canadensis, and Oxalis corniculata. The number of weeds, their coverage and densities in individual fields were not affected significantly by production method (open-field vs greenhouse) or banana cultivars but location. Years and field size affected the number of weed species while homogeneity and cycles affected weed coverage and density. Dominant species in greenhouses were C. occulta, Pilea microphylla, O. corniculata, Echinochloa crus-galli, Setaria verticillata, and A. retroflexus but Cyperus rotundus, S. verticillata, O. corniculata, and P. oleracea in open fields. C. occulta and Pilea microphylla were recorded first time in Turkiye. Conclusions: The most common species and dominant species in fields are mainly aliens including both neophytes and archeophytes. Greenhouses and production techniques might have effect on weed problem. There are needs for further research on banana weeds including their controls to establish better strategies and control systems in banana management.
