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    Environmental role of technology, income, globalization, and political stability: Testing the LCC hypothesis for the GCC countries
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Ulussever, Talat; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Pata, Ugur Korkut
    The importance of non-economic factors for the environment is increasing day by day. ICT, globalization, and political stability (PS) are becoming more and more important in environmental policymaking. However, their impact on the environment has not yet been addressed in the literature for the GCC countries. Therefore, the study focuses on the analysis of the impact of mobile cellular subscriptions and internet usage, two different ICT indicators, as well as income, globalization, and PS on environmental quality (EQ). The study considers a total of six GCC countries from 2000 to 2019, applies the augmented mean group approach at both panel and country levels, and tests the validity of the load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis. The results show that (i) ICT contributes to the development of EQ; (ii) globalization and PS reduce EQ; (iii) income has no significant impact; (iv) the LCC hypothesis is not valid for the GCC panel, while it is valid in Qatar; (v) the results vary at the country level with regard to the panel level. The study recommends that GCC countries should make more use of the positive aspects of ICT in addressing environmental issues and promoting green digitalization to develop EQ; and work to transform their high-income into an eco-friendly structure so that the progress of EQ can be supported by the income; benefit from globalization to import green products and technologies that can help increase EQ; and use the PS to make eco-friendly decisions.
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    Evaluating the influence of technology, energy consumption, and financial progress on material footprint in GCC countries
    (Elsevier, 2024) Ulussever, Talat; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik
    The world has witnessed serious climate-related problems. Even though there are various effective factors in this point, sustainable resource consumption takes place among critical factors that have been deeply affecting climate change. Accordingly, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 8-12 have come to the fore for all related parties due to the directly affecting resource use. Among all, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have a special position in terms of global climate change-related goals because they have high oil and resource consumption. Hence, this study firstly attempts to investigate the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for material footprint (MAF) in GCC countries by analyzing the impact of income, energy consumption, financial institution development, and technological development, performing augmented mean group model, and using data for the period 2000-2019. The findings show that (i) the EKC hypothesis is valid for the GCC panel, whereas it is the case for only Oman on a country basis; (ii) energy consumption increases (decreases) MAF at GCC panel (Qatar); (iii) financial institution development does not affect MAF in the GCC panel, while it causes an increase in Saudi Arabia; (iv) technological development reduces MAF at GCC panel and in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia on a country basis. Thus, the results highlight the need for GCC countries to focus on both income level and technological development to achieve climate-related targets and SDGs by decreasing resource-based consumption.