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    Antibacterial activity of propolis against MRSA and synergism with topical mupirocin
    (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2007) Onlen, Yusuf; Duran, Nizami; Atik, Esin; Savas, Lutfu; Altug, Enes; Yakan, Selvinaz; Aslantas, Ozkan
    Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the activity of the propolis and its combinations with mupirocin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nasal carriage. Methods: This study was carried out between June and August 2005. To infect nares of the rabbits, MRSA ( ATCC 33591) strain was used. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Each inoculum was prepared in the same medium at a density adjusted to a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard (10(5) colony- forming units [cfu]/ mL) and diluted 1: 100 for the broth microdilution procedure. Ten microliters (10 mu L) (10(5) cfu/mL) of the bacterial suspension containing approximately 1000 cfu of MRSA was administered with sterile microsyringe through both nostrils of each rabbit. Ninety-six ( 96) hours after inoculation, the presence of infection was confirmed by using bacterial cultures. Twenty-six young New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups. Each treatment group ( 1, 2, and 3) included 7 rabbits and control group ( group 4) included 5 rabbits. Group 1 was treated with topical mupirocin + ethanolic extract of propolis drops, group 2 received topical mupirocin, group 3 was administered ethanolic extract of propolis drops, and the control group ( group 4) was only treated with phosphate-buffered solution drops for 7 days. At the end of study, nasal cultures and smears were obtained for bacterial count and cytologic examination. Results: The colony numbers of bacteria in group 1 were determined to be significantly lower than in group 2 (p= 0.0001), group 3 (p = 0.0001), and group 4 ( p = 0.0001). The mean bacterial cell counts of groups 1- 4 were 360.2 +/- 52.4 cfu/ mL, 4120.6 +/- 860.4 cfu/ mL, 5980.8 +/- 1240.6 cfu/ mL, and 11500.0 +/- 2568.4 cfu/ mL, respectively. Mupirocin + propolis administration ( group 1) resulted in a significant reduction in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) count in the mucous membranes of rabbits compared with the other treatment groups ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: Propolis addition to mupirocin regimen was found to result in more profound reduction in bacterial cell count and inflammatory response compared with the rest of the treatment modalities.
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    Comparative trial of different anti-bacterial combinations with propolis and ciprofloxacin on Pseudomonas keratitis in rabbits
    (Elsevier Gmbh, 2007) Onlen, Yusuf; Tamer, Cengaver; Oksuz, Huseyin; Duran, Nizami; Altug, Mehmet Enes; Yakan, Selvinaz
    The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of five different treatment combinations to find out whether propolis could be an alternative or an adjunctive treatment, in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Intrastromal P aeruginosa strains were given to both eyes of 20 young New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits were randomly divided equally into five treatment groups; ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone drops (C+D), ciprofloxacin drop (C), ciprofloxacin and propolis drops (C+P), propolis drop (P), 3% ethanol drop (control), respectively. Directly before the first treatment and 108h after inoculation, the eyes were examined by slit lamp to assess the corneal opacity and rabbits were sacrificed for bacterial count. The mean corneal opacity scores and the mean bacterial counts log cfu/ml were significantly different in the treatment groups (P = 0.001; ANOVA). According to post hoc tests for both the mean bacterial counts and corneal opacity scores, C+D, C, C+P groups were found to be statistically the same (P > 0.05), and although the P group had significantly better scores than the control group it did not reach the scores of the rest of the treatment groups (P < 0.01). We conclude that propolis may be a useful adjunctive agent but should not be regarded as a replacement for traditional antibiotic therapy for P aeruginosa keratitis in rabbits. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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    Determination of intraocular pressure in clinically healthy turkish eastern anatolian red cattle of different age groups using rebound tonometry
    (Israel Veterinary Medical Association, 2021) Yakan, Selvinaz; Isler, C.T.; Denk, H.
    This study aims to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP) of healthy Turkish Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) cattle eyes using the iCare® Rebound Tonometer (RT). In addition, we aimed to evaluate whether there is a difference in the IOP values depending for the left or right eyes, time of day, gender, and age of animals. The research was carried out on 42 EAR cattle. The cattle were divided into 3 groups, group I (7 male, 7 female, n=14), group II (7 male, 7 female, n=14), and group III (7 male, 7 female, n=14) 6, 12, 24 months old, respectively. Measurements were performed, in the morning (6:00 a.m.), in the noon, and the evening (6:00 p.m.). The average IOP values for groups I, II and III was 24.51±0.91 mm Hg (P=0.520), 24.23±0.87 mm Hg (P=0.621) and 23.98±0.82 mmHg (P=0.772). According to the findings of this research for the values, the IOP of EAR cattle using the RT no statistically significant differences between right and left eyes, time of day, gender, and age were found for any of the results (P>0.05). In this study, the IOP reference value for EAR cattle was determined as 24.24±0.54 mm Hg using RT, regardless of any variable. In addition, this study is the first research article in which the intraocular pressure in Turkish Eastern Anatolian Red cattle was measured by the iCare® Rebound Tonometer. © 2021, Israel Veterinary Medical Association. All rights reserved.