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    Alien flora of Turkey: checklist, taxonomic composition and ecological attributes
    (Pensoft Publishers, 2017) Uludag, Ahmet; Aksoy, Necmi; Yazlik, Ayse; Arslan, Zubeyde Filiz; Yazmis, Efecan; Uremis, Ilhan; Cossu, Tiziana Antonella
    The paper provides an updated checklist of the alien flora of Turkey with information on its structure. The alien flora of Turkey comprises 340 taxa, among which there are 321 angiosperms, 17 gymnosperms and two ferns. Of the total number of taxa, 228 (68%) are naturalized and 112 (32%) are casual. There are 275 neophytes (172 naturalized and 103 casual) and 61 archaeophytes (52 naturalized and 9 casual); four species could not be classified with respect to the residence time. In addition, 47 frequently planted taxa with a potential to escape are also listed. The richest families are Asteraceae (38 taxa), Poaceae (30), Fabaceae (23) and Solanaceae (22). As for the naturalized alien plants, the highest species richness is found in Asteraceae (31 taxa), Poaceae (22), Amaranthaceae (18) and Solanaceae (15). The majority of alien taxa are perennial (63.8% of the total number of taxa with this life history assigned, including those with multiple life histories), annuals contribute 33.8% and 2.4% are biennial aliens. Among perennials the most common life forms are phanerophytes, of which 20.3% are trees and 12.6% shrubs; woody vines, stem succulents, and aquatic plants are comparatively less represented. Most of the 340 alien taxa introduced to Turkey have their native ranges in Americas (44.7%) and Asia (27.6%). Of other regions, 9.1% originated in Africa, 4.4% in Eurasia, 3.8% in Australia and Oceania and 3.5% in the Mediterranean. The majority of taxa (71.9%) were introduced intentionally, whereas the remaining (28.1%) were introduced accidentally. Among the taxa introduced intentionally, the vast majority are ornamental plants (55.2%), 10.0% taxa were introduced for forestry and 6.7% as crops. Casual alien plants are most commonly found in urban and ruderal habitats (40.1%) where naturalized taxa are also often recorded (27.3%). Plants that occur as agricultural weeds are typically naturalized rather than casual (16.0% vs 7.1%, respectively). However, (semi) natural habitats in Turkey are often invaded by alien taxa, especially by those that are able to naturalize.
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    Impact of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. on the Species Richness in Native Range
    (Springer, 2022) Yazlik, Ayse; Uremis, Ilhan
    Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. is one of the most important weed species that has a very large climate niche, with favorable growing conditions in the world in managed and unmanaged areas. This study aimed to determine the species richness and some physical features of S. halepense in Yalova province, which is located in the Mediterranean biogeographic section in Turkey. The variability of colonized habitat by this species was studied at six sites with 120 samples in the S. halepense present and not-present areas. The total numbers of plant species in S. halepense present areas (36 taxa) were lower than in S. halepense not-present (70 taxa). Convolvulus arvensis (70%), Cynodon dactylon (50%) and Cichorium intybus (30%) were the most frequent species occurring along with S. halepense. In addition, Phragmites australis (7%) and Cyperus rotundus (8.3) were identified as a single plant combination with S. halepense in some samples. In addition, Amaranthus retroflexus (28.3%), Rumex crispus (20.0%) and Datura stramonium (18.3%) were the most frequent species that occurred in S. halepense not-present sites. The success of S. halepense ongoing risk can be explained by its wide ecological tolerance and strong competitive ability as an expanding species. For this reason, necessary measures should be taken for controlling the distribution of S. halepense in each region and risk analysis should be performed even if in the native range.