Determination of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes in Turkish primary school children by analysis of breath and by environmental passive sampling

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dc.contributor.authorScheepers, Paul T. J.
dc.contributor.authorKonings, Joke
dc.contributor.authorDemirel, Gulcin
dc.contributor.authorGaga, Eftade O.
dc.contributor.authorAnzion, Rob
dc.contributor.authorPeer, Petronella G. M.
dc.contributor.authorDogeroglu, Tuncay
dc.date.accessioned2024-09-18T21:00:37Z
dc.date.available2024-09-18T21:00:37Z
dc.date.issued2010
dc.departmentHatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractBenzene, toluene, m/p-xylene and o-xylene (BTX) are toxic volatile organic compounds and ubiquitous air pollutants. Smoking and consumer products are indoor sources of BTX, whereas traffic and industrial activities are primary sources contributing to outdoor levels of BTX. The aim of this study was to characterize exposure of children to BTX by personal air sampling using diffusive samplers and by analysis of end-exhaled air. For this study, 101 children of 10-11 years of age were recruited from four primary schools in Southern Turkey during the warm season (May 2008). Two schools were situated in a residential area near primary and secondary iron and steel works (Payas) and two schools were located in a non-industrialized city (Iskenderun). The children and their parents were visited at home for an interview and to identify possible sources of BTX in the residence. Median concentrations of benzene determined by diffusive samplers were higher in Payas (4.1 mu g/m(3)) than in Iskenderun (2.7 mu g/m(3), p<0.001). For toluene, no differences were observed, whereas for xylene isomers air concentrations tended to be lower for children living in Payas. The median end-exhaled air concentrations were 8.2, 29, 3.8, and 5.7 pmol/L for benzene, toluene, m/p-xylene and o-xylene, respectively (Payas), and 6.9, 25, 4.9, and 6.0 pmol/L, respectively (Iskenderun). Concentrations of toluene in end-exhaled air were 50% higher in children living with household members who smoked indoors (p<0.05) and benzene in end-exhaled air was more than 3-fold higher for those children who were exposed to tobacco smoke inside a vehicle (p<0.001). End-exhaled concentrations of benzene were also higher in children living in a residence with an attached garage (p<0.05). These exposure modifying factors were not identified when using the results obtained with diffusive samplers. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipDutch Ministry of Foreign Affairsen_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study was part of the project Together towards clean air in Eskisehir and Iskenderun, Turkey and was financed by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The authors are indebted to Mr. Nesim Akyol for his assistance during the home visits. We would also like to acknowledge the major of Iskenderun for his support to organize transportation during the study. The support of Dr. Paul Aston in preparation of the manuscript is much appreciated.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.037
dc.identifier.endpage4870en_US
dc.identifier.issn0048-9697
dc.identifier.issue20en_US
dc.identifier.pmid20619876en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-77955917881en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.startpage4863en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.037
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12483/12791
dc.identifier.volume408en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000281931500068en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1en_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMeden_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherElsevier Science Bven_US
dc.relation.ispartofScience of The Total Environmenten_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.subjectVolatile organic compoundsen_US
dc.subjectBiological monitoringen_US
dc.subjectChildrenen_US
dc.subjectEnd-exhaled airen_US
dc.subjectPersonal air samplingen_US
dc.subjectEnvironmental exposureen_US
dc.subjectPassive samplingen_US
dc.titleDetermination of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes in Turkish primary school children by analysis of breath and by environmental passive samplingen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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