Archaeometric evidence for the earliest exploitation of lignite from the bronze age Eastern Mediterranean

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dc.authoridStockhammer, Philipp Wolfgang/0000-0003-4702-9372
dc.authoridSpiteri, Cynthianne/0000-0003-1773-3895
dc.authoridBecher, Julia/0000-0002-6046-6131
dc.authoridSchuenemann, Verena/0000-0002-8593-3672
dc.authoridPower, Robert C./0000-0001-7425-5709
dc.contributor.authorBuckley, Stephen
dc.contributor.authorPower, Robert C.
dc.contributor.authorAndreadaki-Vlazaki, Maria
dc.contributor.authorAkar, Murat
dc.contributor.authorBecher, Julia
dc.contributor.authorBelser, Matthias
dc.contributor.authorCafisso, Sara
dc.date.accessioned2024-09-18T21:03:17Z
dc.date.available2024-09-18T21:03:17Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.departmentHatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractThis paper presents the earliest evidence for the exploitation of lignite (brown coal) in Europe and sheds new light on the use of combustion fuel sources in the 2nd millennium BCE Eastern Mediterranean. We applied Thermal Desorption/Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Polarizing Microscopy to the dental calculus of 67 individuals and we identified clear evidence for combustion markers embedded within this calculus. In contrast to the scant evidence for combustion markers within the calculus samples from Egypt, all other individuals show the inhalation of smoke from fires burning wood identified as Pinaceae, in addition to hardwood, such as oak and olive, and/or dung. Importantly, individuals from the Palatial Period at the Mycenaean citadel of Tiryns and the Cretan harbour site of Chania also show the inhalation of fire-smoke from lignite, consistent with the chemical signature of sources in the northwestern Peloponnese and Western Crete respectively. This first evidence for lignite exploitation was likely connected to and at the same time enabled Late Bronze Age Aegean metal and pottery production, significantly by both male and female individuals.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipProjekt DEAL; European Research Council [ERC-2015-StG 678901-FoodTransforms, ERC CoG 724703]; project Negotiating Change -Cultural and Social Transformations in the Late 2nd Millennium BCE East Mediterranean: Case Studies from Tiryns, Greece, and Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel (German-Israel Foundation for Science and Research; GIF) [1080-132.4/2009]; German Research Foundation [MA 1058/7-1, MA 1058/7-2, DFG FOR 2237]; Pharos Researchen_US
dc.description.sponsorshipOpen Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This research is part of Philipp W. Stockhammer's European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant project `FoodTransforms: transformations of food in the Eastern Mediterranean Late Bronze Age' (ERC-2015-StG 678901-FoodTransforms) funded by the European Research Council. The anthropological research in Tiryns was funded within the project Negotiating Change -Cultural and Social Transformations in the Late 2nd Millennium BCE East Mediterranean: Case Studies from Tiryns, Greece, and Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel (German-Israel Foundation for Science and Research; GIF; Grant No. 1080-132.4/2009; Aren Maeir and Joseph Maran) as well as the German Research Foundation (MA 1058/7-1 and 7-2; Joseph Maran). Katerina Harvati is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG FOR 2237) and the European Research Council (ERC CoG 724703). Joann Fletcher is supported by Pharos Research.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This research is part of Philipp W. Stockhammer's European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant project `FoodTransforms: transformations of food in the Eastern Mediterranean Late Bronze Age' (ERC-2015-StG 678901-FoodTransforms) funded by the European Research Council. The anthropological research in Tiryns was funded within the project Negotiating Change -Cultural and Social Transformations in the Late 2nd Millennium BCE East Mediterranean: Case Studies from Tiryns, Greece, and Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel (German-Israel Foundation for Science and Research; GIF; Grant No. 1080-132.4/2009; Aren Maeir and Joseph Maran) as well as the German Research Foundation (MA 1058/7-1 and 7-2; Joseph Maran). Katerina Harvati is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG FOR 2237) and the European Research Council (ERC CoG 724703). Joann Fletcher is supported by Pharos Research.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1038/s41598-021-03544-w
dc.identifier.issn2045-2322
dc.identifier.issue1en_US
dc.identifier.pmid34921192en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85121525539en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03544-w
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12483/13337
dc.identifier.volume11en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000731322900061en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2en_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMeden_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherNature Portfolioen_US
dc.relation.ispartofScientific Reportsen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.subjectPolycyclic Aromatic-Hydrocarbonsen_US
dc.subjectChromatography Mass-Spectrometryen_US
dc.subjectDental Calculusen_US
dc.subjectSedimentsen_US
dc.subjectIdentificationen_US
dc.subjectCombustionen_US
dc.subjectIndicatorsen_US
dc.subjectBiomarkersen_US
dc.subjectFossilen_US
dc.subjectPahsen_US
dc.titleArchaeometric evidence for the earliest exploitation of lignite from the bronze age Eastern Mediterraneanen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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