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Öğe Allelopathic Potential of Rapeseed Cultivars on Germination and Seedling Growth of Weeds(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Uremis, I.; Arslan, M.; Sangun, M. K.; Uygur, V.; Isler, N.Allelopathic suppression of weeds is receiving greater attention as a possible alternative for weed management. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L., var. oleifera) contains allelochemicals that inhibits germination and growth of weed species. Allelopathic potential of 25 rapeseed cultivars on the seed germination, shoot and root growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed). Solanum nigrum L. (black nightshade), Portulaca oleracea L. (common purslane), Physalis angulata L. (cutleaf, ground cherry) and Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. (junglerice) were investigated with shoot and root extracts. All rapeseed cultivars examined inhibited seed germination, shoot and root growth of tested weed species. However, inhibition rates significantly varied among rapeseed cultivars. Significant reductions in seed germination, shoot and root growths were observed as the extract concentration increased. Extracts from both above and below ground parts of rapeseed had inhibitory effect on the tested weed species, but shoot extracts had slightly higher inhibition rates than that of root extracts. Root exudates had also inhibited germination of the tested weed species, but inhibitory effects are not as high as shoot and root extracts. Relative to the germination inhibition of weed seeds, the rapeseed cultivars were categorized as having highly, moderately and low allelopathic potential. Cultivar Westar was found to be highly allelopathic while cultivars Jumbuck, Tobin, Lisoune and Galant were found to be less allelopathic on the tested weed species. Rapeseed cultivars differed in isothiocyanate benzyl and isothiocyanate allyl. Cultivars containing higher level of isothiocyanate benzyl and isothiocyanate allyl had stronger allelopathic capacity. The result of this study showed that a great deal of success could be obtained by incorporation of highly allelopathic rapeseed cultivars into crop rotations to control weeds.Öğe Allelopathy studies in weed science in Turkey - a review(Springer Heidelberg, 2006) Uludag, A.; Uremis, I.; Arslan, M.; Gozcu, D.Allelopathy involves both inhibitory and stimulatory biochemical interactions between plants. The phenomenon has received great attention since the 1980's all over the world; however, in Turkey, research on allelopathy just started in the late 1980's. Studies have been done with many crops, trees, shrubs and weeds under both laboratory and field conditions to determine their allelopathic potential and its use for weed control. Crops belonging to the Brassica family are the most studied species for allelopathic potential to control weeds. Among the Brassica species, garden radish (Raphanus sativus) has been most studied to control johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense). Allelopathic activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) also received some attention. The role of allelopathy in weed interference on crop production was also studied. In conclusion, allelopathy studies should parallel with contemporary studies such as ecological and chemical studies, and an integrated approach should be adopted to fully utilize the applicability of allelopathic plant species to control problem weeds.Öğe THE CADMIUM PHYTOEXTRACTION EFFICIENCY OF SCMTII GENE BEARING TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANT(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2010) Daghan, H.; Arslan, M.; Uygur, V.; Koleli, N.; Eren, A.Cadmium pollution is a serious world-wide problem affecting the human health and the environmental quality. Phytoremediation, the use of green plants to remove, sequester or detoxify pollutants offers an environmentally-friendly alternative to engineering-based methods for remediation. The T2 generations of the ScMTII gene bearing transgenic and non-transgenic tobacco plants were grown hydroponically in Hoagland nutrition solution containing 0, 5 and 10 mg/L Cd in controlled growth room to determine their ability to uptake and accumulate Cd within the shoots and roots. There were no significant shoot and root thy weight differences between transgenic and non-transgenic tobacco plants. The ScMTII gene bearing transgenic tobacco plant accumulated 19.8% higher Cd than the non-transgenic tobacco plant in the above ground parts of the plant during the two weeks exposure period in hydroponic culture. In non-transgenic plant, however, Cd is accumulated mainly in the roots. The results of current study indicate that the use of the ScMTII gene bearing transgenic tobacco plant for Cd phytoremediation is limited. Further studies are needed to test the effectiveness of the ScMTII gene for phytoextraction of other heavy metal ions.Öğe EFFECTS OF GENOTYPE AND PICLORAM CONCENTRATIONS ON CALLUS INDUCTION AND PLANT REGENERATION FROM IMMATURE INFLORESCENCE OF SPRING BARLEY CULTIVARS (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)(Diagnosis Press Ltd, 2008) Sener, O.; Can, E.; Arslan, M.; Celiktas, N.The effects of different picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg. l(-1)) in the LS (Linsmaier and Skoog, 8) medium of immature inflorescences taken from four barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) cultivars were investigated. The result of the study showed that callus induction rate, shoot induction rate, callus weight and plain regeneration front the affected by the genotypes. There was a significant interaction between genotype and immature inflorescence were significantly of picloram concentrations. Depending on the genotypes, mean callus induction rate, mean shoot induction, mean callus weight (mg/petri dishes) and number of regenerates (per inflorescence segment) varied from 0.0-39.1%, 12.5-29.7%, 0.0-150.3 mg and 0.2-1.5 respectively. Mean callus and mean shoot induction rates, mean callus weight and mean regeneration rate were also significantly influenced by the picloram concentrations. The segments cultured on the LS medium containing 7.5 mg l(-1) of picloram gave the highest values of callus induction rate (31.3%), shoot induction rate (40.6%) and plant regeneration (1.2 regenerates per segment). In this study only albino plantlets were obtained.Öğe Effects of genotype and picloram concentrations on callus induction and plant regeneration from immature inflorescence of spring barley cultivars (hordeum vulgare l.)(2008) Şener, O.; Can, E.; Arslan, M.; Çeliş, N.The effects of different picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg. l??) in the LS (Linsmaier and Skoog, 8) medium of immature inflorescences taken from four barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were investigated. The result of the study showed that callus induction rate, shoot induction rate, callus weight and plant regeneration from the immature inflorescence were significantly affected by the genotypes. There was a significant interaction between genotype and picloram concentrations. Depending on the genotypes, mean callus induction rate, mean shoot induction, mean callus weight (mg/petri dishes) and number of regenerates (per inflorescence segment) varied from 0.0–39.1%, 12.5–29.7%, 0.0–150.3 mg and 0.2–1.5 respectively. Mean callus and mean shoot induction rates, mean callus weight and mean regeneration rate were also significantly influenced by the picloram concentrations. The segments cultured on the LS medium containing 7.5 mg. l?? of picloram gave the highest values of callus induction rate (31.3 %), shoot induction rate (40.6%) and plant regeneration (1.2 regenerates per segment). In this study, only albino plantlets were obtained. © 2008 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.Öğe The effects of nitrogen and iron fertilization on growth, yield and fertilizer use efficiency of soybean in a Mediterranean-type soil(Elsevier Science Bv, 2008) Caliskan, S.; Ozkaya, I.; Caliskan, M. E.; Arslan, M.Poor seed yield of soybean in Mediterranean-type environments may result from insufficient iron (Fe) uptake and poor biological nitrogen (N) fixation due to high bicarbonate and pH in soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of N and Fe fertilization on growth and yield of double cropped soybean (cv. SA 88, MG III) in a Mediterranean-type environment in Turkey during 2003 and 2004. The soil of the experimental plots was a Vertisol with 176 g CaCO3 kg(-1) and pH 7.7 and 17 g organic matter kg-1 soil. Soybean seeds were inoculated prior to planting with commercial peat inoculants. N fertilizer rates were 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha(-1) of which half was applied before planting and the other half at full blooming stage (R2). Fe fertilizer rates were 0, 200 and 400 g Fe EDTA (5.5% Fe and 2% EDTA) ha(-1). it was sprayed as two equal portions at two trifoliate (V2) and at five trifoliate stages (V5). Plants were sampled at flower initiation (R1), at full pod (R4) and at full seed (116) stages. Application of starter N increased biomass and leaf area index at RI stage whereas Fe fertilization did not affect early growth parameters. N application continued to have a positive effect on growth parameters at later stages and on seed yield. Fe fertilization increased growth parameters at R4 and R6 stages, and final seed yield in both years. This study demonstrated an interactive effect of N and Fe fertilization on growth and yield of soybean in the soil having high bicarbonate and pH. There was a positive interaction between N and Fe at the N rates up to 80 kg N ha-1. However, further increase in N rate produced a negative interaction. Fertilization of soybean with 80 kg N ha-1 and 400 g Fe ha(-1) resulted in the highest seed yield in both years. We concluded that application of starter and top dressed N in combination with two split FeEDTA fertilization can be beneficial to improve early growth and final yield of inoculated soybean in Mediterranean-type soils. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe EFFECTS OF SAGE LEAFHOPPER FEEDING DAMAGE ON HERBAGE COLOUR, ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT AND COMPOSITIONS OF TURKISH AND GREEK OREGANO(Cambridge Univ Press, 2012) Arslan, M.; Uremis, I.; Demirel, N.Turkish (Origanum onites L.) and Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare L., ssp. hirtum (Link.) Ietswaart) species were investigated to determine herbage colour, essential oil content and composition changes due to sage leafhopper (Eupteryx melissae) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) infestation. Sage leafhopper population on both Turkish and Greek oregano did not significantly vary. The sage leafhopper damage was more severe in the lower part of the canopy than the middle and upper parts. Extensive sage leafhopper feeding dramatically reduced essential oil contents, resulting in 28.8 and 34.8% reductions for Greek and Turkish oregano, respectively. Carvacrol, the major essential oil component of both oregano species, did not remarkably vary between leafhopper infested and non-infested plants. With respect to herbage colour, the brightness, redness and yellowness values were significantly different between infested and non-infested plants. Sage leafhopper damage increased brightness and yellowness but decreased greenness of the oregano herbage. To avoid the feeding damage, it is essential to detect the sage leafhopper problem as early as possible and certain control practices are necessary when the infestation is high.Öğe Effects of sowing date and growth duration on growth and yield of groundnut in a Mediterranean-type environment in Turkey(Elsevier, 2008) Caliskan, S.; Caliskan, M. E.; Arslan, M.; Arioglu, H.Matching the phenology of the crop to the duration of favorable conditions by selecting the most appropriate sowing dates to avoid periods of stress is crucial for maximum yield. A 2-year field study was conducted to assess the effects of climatic factors on groundnut growth and yield at various dates of sowing in a Mediterranean-type environment at Hatay, Turkey in 2001 and 2002. Two cultivars (NC 7 and Com) were sown at five sowing dates (15 April, 1 May, 15 May, 1 June and 15 June) to expose the groundnut plant to a variety of climatic conditions, and were harvested at 120, 140 or 160 days after emergence. Sowing dates, cultivars and growth durations significantly affected to pod yield, number of pod per plant, shelling percentage, 100-seed weight, biomass, harvest index, crop growth rate, and oil and protein content. Very early sowing before I May did not generate any advantage for earliness and yield due to sub-optimal temperature for vegetative growth. Our results revealed that the most suitable period for groundnut sowing is between mid-May and early June for the eastern Mediterranean region since plants expose to suitable temperature regimes during the vegetative and the reproductive growth stages, and receive more solar radiation and sunshine duration during the entire growing period. Lengthening of growth duration had positive effect on yield at early sowings, but satisfactory yield level can be achieved with 140 days growth duration using current cultivars. It is also possible to obtain over 3.0 t ha(-1) pod yield, which is considered as acceptable level by the grower in the region with shorter growth duration in double crop production. It was concluded that Mediterranean climate offers a long and suitable environment having at least 160 calendar days or 2400-2500 degrees Cd thermal time for both main and double crop production of the groundnut with acceptable yield levels. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Estimates of relative yield potential and genetic improvement of wheat cultivars in the Mediterranean region(Cambridge Univ Press, 2009) Sener, O.; Arslan, M.; Soysal, Y.; Erayman, M.Information about changes associated with advances in crop productivity is essential for Understanding yield-limiting factors and developing new strategies for future breeding programmes. National bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields in Turkey have risen by an average of 20.8 kg/ha/year from 1925 to 2006. Annual gain in yield attributable to agronomic and genetic improvement averaged c. 11.6 kg/ha/year prior to 1975, but is now averaging c. 15.1 kg/ha/year. In the Mediterranean region, however, the wheat yield trend line (10.9 kg/ha/year) is c. 0.38 lower than that of Turkey. In order to understand whether such a trend was due to the cultivars released over the years. 16 bread Wheat cultivars, commonly grown in the region and representing 23 years of breeding. introduction and selection (from 1976 to 1999), were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates across 2 years. Data were collected on Maturation time, plant height. spike length, spikelet number/spike, grain number/spike, grain weight/spike. 1000 seed weight. harvest index and grain yield. None of the Measured plant traits showed ally historical cultivar patterns therefore, the increase in grain Yield Could not be attributed to a single yield component. Several physiological traits changed during two decades of cultivar releases in the Mediterranean region that led to a genetic gain in grain yield of about 0.5% per year. Years of data and the present field study in the Mediterranean region suggested that the genetic improvement in wheat seemed inadequate and should be reinforced with modern agricultural management practices as well as technological innovations.Öğe First Report of a Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora palmivora on Lavandula angustifolia in Turkey(Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2011) Dervis, S.; Arslan, M.; Serce, C. U.; Soylu, Soner; Uremis, I.[Abstract Not Available]Öğe FIRST REPORT OF CHARCOAL ROT CAUSED BY MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA ON MEDITERRANEAN SAGE IN TURKEY(Springer, 2009) Soylu, Soner; Uremis, I.; Arslan, M.[Abstract Not Available]Öğe First report of charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina Phaseolina on mediterranean sage in Turkey(2009) Soylu, Soner; Üremis, I.; Arslan, M.[No abstract available]Öğe Growth and development of Virginia type groundnut cultivars under Mediterranean conditions(Taylor & Francis As, 2008) Caliskan, Sevgi; Caliskan, M. E.; Erturk, E.; Arslan, M.; Arioglu, H.The growth and development of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are under the influence of complex environmental factors. Understanding of the growth responses of the groundnut to environmental factors may improve the application of better management practices and develop better cultivars to overcome the problems causing reductions in yield. A two-year field experiment was conducted to determine the growth and development response of groundnut genotypes to environmental factors in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in 2001 and 2002. Time from sowing to physiological maturity (R8) ranged from 2513 degrees Cd to 2588 degrees Cd in 2001 and from 2514 degrees Cd to 2573 degrees Cd in 2002 while total calendar days varied between 147 and 153 and between 156 and 161 depending on genotypes in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Dry matter accumulation in each part of the plants continued until maturity although accumulation rate differed depending on plant age. Combination of suitable temperature and photoperiod during the reproductive stages resulted in continuous and abundant reproductive plant parts, which led to delayed harvest and increased unmarketable pods. The slower growth rate due to the cooler conditions during early stages caused slower biomass accumulation in successive stages indicating the importance of initial crop growth for final yield. Therefore, the genotypes having high initial growth rate, less reproductive organs, and shorter growing period should be developed for the Mediterranean conditions by breeders. The management studies should also deal with increased initial growth rate and reduced number of flowers, pegs or pods per plant. Based on our results, groundnut has a great yield potential under the Mediterranean conditions. However, further breeding and management studies are needed to improve the yield and profitability and reduce the complications arisen from the Mediterranean climate.Öğe Herbicidal Activity of Essential Oils on the Germination of Some Problem Weeds(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Uremis, I.; Arslan, M.; Sangun, M. K.The herbicidal activities of volatile compounds of plant origin (sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L.; common sage, Salvia officinalis L.; English lavender, Lavandula angustifolia Mill.; lemon balm, Melissa officinalis L. and common thyme i.e., Thymus vulgaris) were studied against 3 weeds (common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L.; sterile wild oat, Avena sterilis L and short spiked canarygrass, Phalaris brachystachys L.) in laboratory experiments. Chemical composition of the essential oils were determined by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and GC/MS, The essential oil composition varied with the species. Thymol, geranial and beta-thujone were the main constituent of T vulgaris, M. officinalis and S. officinalis oils, respectively. Linalool was the main constituent of O. basilicum and L. angustifolia oils. Each essential oil was applied at the concentrations, of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 mu L on the filter paper at the top of the Petri dishes to determine germination and growth. bioassays. Inhibition rate of essential oils increased with the increasing concentrations. Essential oils of T vulgaris had the highest inhibitory effect on the germination of X. strumarium and A. sterilis, on the other hand essential oil of O. basilicum had the highest inhibitory effects on the germination of P brachystachys. Each essential oil suppressed seedling and root growth of the tested weeds. Essential oil of O. basilicum, S. officinalis, L angustifolia, M. officinalis and T vulgaris could be used as alternatives of herbicides to suppress germination of X. strumarium, A. sterilis and Phalaris brachystachys seeds in organic farming systems.Öğe Insecticidal Effects of Some Essential Oils Against the Confused Flour Beetle (Tribolium confusum du Val) (Col.: Tenebrinoidea) in Stored Wheat(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Sener, O.; Arslan, M.; Demirel, N.; Uremis, I.The essential oils obtained from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and oregano (Origanum syriacum L.) have been analyzed by GC and GC-MS and tested for their insecticidal properties against the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in stored wheat. The essential oil composition varied with the species. The main constituent of oregano, common thyme, common sage and rosemary oils were gamma-terpinene, p-cymene, beta-thujone and 1,8-cineole, respectively. Each essential oil was applied at the concentrations of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 mu L/100 mL jar on the filler paper attached under the surface of the jar cap to determine mortality., Mortality rate of essential oils increased with the increasing concentrations. Of the 4 essential oils screened, 1,8-cineole from rosemary and common sage exhibited the highest activity, followed by beta-thujone from common sage and p-cymene from thyme. Therefore, rosemary essential oil could be recommended as a potential source of environment-friendly botanical insecticide in the control of the confused flour beetle.Öğe Intermittent Microwave-convective Air Drying of Oregano(Sage Publications Ltd, 2009) Soysal, Y.; Arslan, M.; Keskin, M.Effectiveness of intermittent microwave-convective air drying (IMWC) was investigated and compared to continuous microwave-convective air drying (CMWC) and convective air drying for oregano. Both CMWC and IMWC increased the drying rate of oregano compared to convective drying. The CMWC and IMWC were 12.7-14.0 and 4.7-11.2 times more energy efficient in drying than convective drying, respectively. The highest essential oil contents were obtained from convective drying at 40 degrees C and 45 degrees C. However, these treatments had the longest drying time and the highest energy consumption. The CMWC yielded the lowest essential oil content and resulted in an extreme change in the essential oil composition. The IMWC, except with the pulse ratio of 3.0, resulted in similar essential oil content compared to convective drying at 50 degrees C and shade drying. No identical result was found among the prevailing compounds of essential oil of oregano obtained from shade drying, convective drying and IMWC. Both CMWC and IMWC did not yield acceptable results of product color. However, in terms of essential oil content and quality, the IMWC at 25 degrees C room temperature with the pulse ratio of 5.0 was judged as the most suitable drying method for oregano due to its rational drying time and energy consumption compared to CMWC drying, convective air dying, and shade drying.Öğe Toxicological Responses of Confused Flour Beetle, Tribolium confusum du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrinoidea) to Various Plant Essential Oils(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Demirel, N.; Sener, O.; Arslan, M.; Uremis, I.; Uluc, F. T.; Cabuk, F.The confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is one of the most serious pests of stored cereals and processed cereal products. The essential oils obtained from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), common sage (Salvia officinalis L.), oregano (Origanum syriacum L), Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.), sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.), Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and mountain oregano (Origanum minutiflorum L.) have been analyzed by GC and GC-MS and tested for their toxicological effects against the confused flour beetle. In the current studies, gamma-terpinene and p-cymene from oregano, p-cymene from common thyme, beta- thujone, 1,8-cineole and L-camphor from common sage, 1,8-cineole and camphor from rosemary, carvacrol from Turkish oregano, carvacrol and thymol from sweet marjoram, carvacrol and p-cymene from Greek oregano and mountain oregano have been identified as the main volatile components. The essential oil extracted from rosemary, sweet marjoram and common thyme caused significant mortality on the confused flour beetle. In addition, rosemary had the lowest lethal concentrations (LC50: 1.12, 0.598) in both bioassays. The common thyme and sweet marjoram had followed it as a second lower lethal concentration, Therefore, the essential oils extracted from rosemary, sweet marjoram and common thyme can be recommended as a potential source of environment-friendly botanical insecticide in control of the confused flour beetle. However, essential oil extracted from Turkish oregano, Greek oregano and mountain oregano had the lowest mortality while the higher lethal concentration. Therefore, they can not be suggested for controlling of the confused flour beetle in the stored products.Öğe USE OF ALLICIN AS AN ALTERNATIVE HATCHING EGG DISINFECTANT VERSUS FORMALDEHYDE FUMIGATION IN BROILER HATCHING EGGS(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2011) Copur, Gulsen; Arslan, M.; Baylan, M.; Canogullari, S.Allicin, diallyl thiosulfinate, has a strong antibacterial activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible use of allicin as a formaldehyde alternative on broiler breeder hatching eggs. The lowest microbial counts on the eggs were obtained from formaldehyde followed by allicin. Microbial counts slightly decreased with the increasing allicin concentrations. Compared to the positive control formaldehyde, allicin treatment lowered the early and late embryonic mortality, and feed conversion ratio, but increased the discarded chick rate, pipping rate and hatchability of the fertile eggs. Allicin concentrations had no significant effect either on hatching or chick growth and development after hatching. These results imply that allicin had a potential as a hatching egg disinfectant since allicin had no detrimental effect on the developing embryo. Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq. 2011, 25(2), 2494-2498
