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Allelopathic potentials of residues of 6 brassica species on johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.]
(Academic Journals, 2009) Uremis, Ilhan; Arslan, Mehmet; Uludag, Ahmet; Sangun, Mustafa Kemal
Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) is a troublesome weed species of many crops in Turkey as well as worldwide. Allelopathic potential of residues of some brassica species, which are round white radish (Raphanus sativus L.), garden radish ( R. sativus L.), black radish ( R. sativus L. var. niger), little radish ( R. sativus L. var. radicula, turnip ( Brassica campestris L. subsp. rapa) and rapeseed ( Brassica napus L. oleifera DC.) on johnsongrass were investigated under both laboratory and field conditions. All species suppressed johnsongrass in field and laboratory conditions. The lowest suppression was from garden radish, which has already been used to control johnsongrass by few farmers in Turkey. It is concluded that the plants studied can be used to control johnsongrass. Higher amount of isothiocyanates ( isothiocyanate benzyl, Isothiocyanate allyl) in black radish extract and lower amount of isothiocyanates at garden radish extract were determined. Parallel results for johnsongrass suppression and amount of isothiocyanates show that allelopathy play roles in johnsongrass suppression by brassica species.
Analysis of genetic diversity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from eggplant by mycelial compatibility, random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) analyses
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Tok, Fatih Mehmet; Dervis, Sibel; Arslan, Mehmet
The genetic diversity and pathogenicity/virulence among 60 eggplant Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates collected from six different geographic regions of Turkey were analysed using mycelial compatibility groupings (MCGs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphism. By MCG tests, the isolates were classified into 22 groups. Out of 22 MCGs, 36% were represented each by a single isolate. The isolates showed great variability for virulence regardless of MCG and geographic origin. Based on the results of RAPD and SSR analyses, 60 S. sclerotiorum isolates representing 22 MCGs were grouped in 2 and 3 distinct clusters, respectively. Analyses using RAPD and SSR markers illustrated that cluster groupings or genetic distance of S. sclerotiorum populations from eggplant were not distinctly relative to the MCG, geographical origin and virulence diversity. The patterns obtained revealed a high heterogeneity of genetic composition and suggested the occurrence of clonal and sexual reproduction of S. sclerotiorum on eggplant in the areas surveyed.
Antifungal activity of essential oils against three vegetative-compatibility groups of Verticillium dahliae
(Springer, 2010) Arslan, Mehmet; Dervis, Sibel
The antifungal activities of volatile phase effects of essential oils from Origanum onites, O. syriacum, O. minutiflorum, O. vulgare, O, marjorana, Thymus vulgaris, T. serpyllum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis and Micromeria fruticosa were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth of three vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of Verticillium dahliae. Carvacrol was the main component of O. onites, O. minutiflorum and O. vulgare essential oils, while gamma-terpinene was the main component of O. syriacum. P-cymene and thymol were the dominant component of T. vulgaris and T. serpyllum. beta- thujone and l-camphor were the main component of S. officinalis. Polegone and isomenthone were the dominant components of M. fruticosa essential oil. Based on the in vitro test, the degree of fungistatical effects can be ranked in the following order of inhibition: O. syriacum = O. onites = O. minutiflorum = O. vulgare = T. vulgaris > T. serpyllum > M. fruticosa > S. officinalis = O. marjorana > R. officinalis. The essential oils of S. officinalis, O. marjorana and R. officinalis displayed moderate antifungal activity, that increased with increasing concentrations. Among the VCGs, VCG2A and VCG4B were found to be highly sensitive to the essential oils. The essential oils of O. syriacum, O. onites, O. minutiflorum, O. vulgare and T. vulgaris were the most efficacious, demonstrating strong antifungal activity against all of the tested VCGs of V. dahliae at relatively low concentrations and they could find practical application as natural fungicides in the prevention and protection of plants from V. dahliae infections.
Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Antimutagenic Activities of Five Turkish Pear Cultivars
(Springer, 2018) Erbil, Nurcan; Murathan, Zehra Tugba; Arslan, Mehmet; Ilcim, Ahmet; Sayin, Bilge
The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important fruits consumed in daily life. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents, as well as the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities, of various pear cultivars. The fruits of five pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars ('Deveci', 'Kizil', 'Egirsah', 'Gugum', and 'Banda') were used in this study. It was determined that the peel and pulp of the 'Kizil' pear had the highest total phenolic content (402.5 mg/100 g and 215.2 mg/100 g, respectively), while those of the 'Banda' pear had the lowest total phenolic content (326 mg/100 g and 126.1 mg/100 g, respectively). Additionally, the 'Kizil' pear showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric-reducing ability assay (FRAP) (1.72 mu mol TE/g FW and 161.25 mu mol Fe II/g FW, respectively) and the highest ascorbic acid content (16.02 mg/100 g). The 'Banda' pear showed the highest antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. However, none of the pear extracts displayed antifungal activity. While all doses of the 'Kizil', 'Gugum', and 'Banda' pear extracts used in this study, except 80 mu L/plate, exhibited antimutagenic activities, only the lowest dose (10 mu L/plate) of the 'Deveci' pear extract showed the antimutagenic activity against induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain. Consequently, the five Turkish pear cultivars used in this study exhibited different levels of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities.
Bektaşi Üzümü (Ribes uva-crispa L.) ve Dağ Frenk Üzümünün (Ribes alpinum L.) Bazı Biyokimyasal İçerik ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri Yönünden Karşılaştırılması
(2021) Erbil, Nurcan; Murathan, Zehra Tuğba; Arslan, Mehmet; İlçim, Ahmet
Ribes L. cinsine ait bitkiler çoğu zaman doğal olarak yetişen, son zamanlarda da kültürü yapılan çalı formundaki bitkilerdir. Bu cinse ait olan bektaşi üzümü ve frenk üzümünün sağlık açısından çeşitli faydalara sahip olduğu bilinmekte olup, bu faydalarından dolayı son yıllarda insanoğlunun dikkatini cezbetmiş durumdadır. Bu çalışmada Beşikdüzü/Trabzon’dan toplanmış olan bektaşi üzümü (Ribes uva-crispa L.) ve dağ frenk üzümünün (Ribes alpinum L.) toplam askorbik asit, toplam fenolik ve toplam flavonoid içerikleri ile antioksidan, antibakteriyel ve mutajen aktivileri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar neticesinde, bektaşi üzümü ve dağ frenk üzümünün sahip olduğu toplam fenolik, flavonoid ve askorbik asit değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak bir fark gözlenmemiştir (p>0.05). Antioksidan aktivite değerlerinin ise dağ frenk üzümünde daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Antibakteriyel aktivite sonuçları incelendiğinde de benzer bir şekilde dağ frenk üzümü ekstraktının test bakterilerine karşı daha yüksek aktivite sergilediği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca; bektaşi üzümü ve dağ frenk üzümü ekstraktlarının hiçbirinde Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 ve TA 100’e karşı herhangi bir mutajen aktiviteye rastlanmamıştır.
Biological weed control
(Elsevier, 2018) Uludag, Ahmet; Uremis, Ilhan; Arslan, Mehmet
The biological approach, as an integral part of integrated and sustainable weed control approaches, has an increasing importance and consideration due to increasing environmental and anthropogenic problems. Successful weed control through use of biological agents has a background of more than a couple of centuries. In this chapter, we started with a more classical way of biological approach to introduce arthropods, mainly insects, followed by examples of redistribution of local arthropods. In the bioherbicide section, we have focused on formulated natural products and formulations. Biological weed control faces problems such as inadequacy of finance, some side effects, and conflicting views. However, biological methods are expected to provide more promising weed control practices in the future. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chemical Composition and Herbicidal Activities of Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Origanum Hybrids Grown in Different Global Climate Scenarios on Seed Germination of Amaranthus palmeri
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Yasar, Ayse; Karaman, Yucel; Gokbulut, Incilay; Tursun, Ayse Ozlem; Tursun, Nihat; Uremis, Ilhan; Arslan, Mehmet
The present study aimed to investigate the changes in the essential oil contents of some Origanum hybrids grown at different carbon dioxide (400 and 800 ppm) levels in a fully automated carbon dioxide greenhouse. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It was found that, among the Origanum hybrids, there were differences between the essential oil contents of those grown under natural conditions and controlled greenhouse conditions. While an increase in carbon dioxide level significantly increased the thymol and carvacrol components, which are among important monoterpene components, of Origanum syriacum x O. onites and O. syriacum x O. vulgare hybrids, whereas it led to a decrease in O. syriacum x O. majorona hybrid. To determine the effects on germination of Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson seeds under laboratory conditions, the essential oils were used at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mu l/petri doses. The most effective doses of essential oils for preventing the germination of A. palmeri seed were found to be 2 and 4 mu l/petri. In preventing the germination of seeds, the most effective (100 %) application for all the essential oils was achieved with O. syriacum x O. onites hybrid grown at 800 ppm. These results show that the CO2 increases that may occur as a result of climate change in the next years may lead to changes in the content of essential oils in Origanum hybrids and may have the potential to be used as bio-herbicidal to prevent the germination of A palmeri.
Chemical Composition of Stachys pumila Essential Oil
(Springer, 2015) Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Guzel, Yelda; Arslan, Mehmet
[Abstract Not Available]
Comparison of organic and traditional production systems in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
(2013) Çalışkan, Sevgi; Erdoğan, Cahit; Arslan, Mehmet; Calışkan, Mehmet Emin
Yield and yield components, and protein content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were compared in traditional and organic production systems since organic farming has many advantages on environment, animal and human health over traditional production systems. In the study, organic production system, green manure, farmyard manure and effective microorganisms and their combinations were tested as six treatments. Seed yield and some yield components were found higher in the traditional production system than those of organic production systems. The highest protein content was obtained in green manure and farmyard manure applications. Among the organic production systems, green manure and farmyard manure applications could be strongly recommended for organic chickpea producer since the highest seed yields with 2729 in 2007 and 3838 kg ha-1 in 2008 were found in green manure + farmyard manure treatment among the organic production systems
COMPARISON OF ORGANIC AND TRADITIONAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
(Soc Field Crop Sci, 2013) Caliskan, Sevgi; Erdogan, Cahit; Arslan, Mehmet; Caliskan, Mehmet Emin
Yield and yield components, and protein content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were compared in traditional and organic production systems since organic farming has many advantages on environment, animal and human health over traditional production systems. In the study, organic production system, green manure, farmyard manure and effective microorganisms and their combinations were tested as six treatments. Seed yield and some yield components were found higher in the traditional production system than those of organic production systems. The highest protein content was obtained in green manure and farmyard manure applications. Among the organic production systems, green manure and farmyard manure applications could be strongly recommended for organic chickpea producer since the highest seed yields with 2729 in 2007 and 3838 kg ha(-1) in 2008 were found in green manure + farmyard manure treatment among the organic production systems.
Copper Removal by SCMT II Transgenic and Wild Type Tobacco in Hydroponic System - a Comparative Study
(Chiminform Data S A, 2012) Daghan, Hatice; Uygur, Veli; Arslan, Mehmet; Koleli, Nurcan
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein-II (ScMT-II) genes expressed in Nicotiana tabacum and wild tobacco were grown for 14 days in growth chamber as hydroponics containing 0, 5, and 10 Cu mg L-1 to determine their Cu accumulation ability and to study Cu compartmentation in shoots and roots. Wild type (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Petite Havana SRI) and transgenic tobacco (p-S-ScMTII) plants wilted severely, showed stunted root growth with structural deformation. Shoot dry weight, Cu, and free sulphydryl (-SH) groups showed significant differences between transgenic and wild type tobacco plants. Copper accumulation in roots was 7.78 and 10.8 g kg(-1) for transgenic and wild type tobacco, respectively. The study revealed that despite high Cu accumulation in roots, its translocation from roots to shoots was inhibited probably due to blockage and dieback in the root collar. It can be concluded that the main cause of failure in MTII gene induced Cu accumulation in shoots was collapse of root collars due to Cu toxicity. Thus it was not possible to judge the real effect of the MT gene.
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis with Cervical Vertebra Involvement: A Case Report
(Galenos Yayincilik, 2021) Arslan, Mehmet; Ogut, Halil; Guler, Hayal; Turhanoglu, Ayse Dicle
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is a non-inflammatory disease characterized by ossification and calcification in soft tissues, such as enthesis and joint capsules. The thoracic vertebra is often affected; however, cervical vertebra involvement can also be seen. Diagnosis is made by observing ossifications in the anterior surface of the four vertebrae and excluding spinal degenerative and inflammatory diseases. Pain and movement limitation is frequently observed in cervical vertebra involvement, but symptoms, such as dysphagia, hoarseness, and snoring, may also occur. This study aimed to present a 69-year-old male patient with pain in the neck and back, movement limitations, and swallowing difficulties, mostly with solid foods. The cervical imaging of the patient revealed anterior ossifications that compress the esophagus and posterior ossifications without myelomalacia. Surgery was recommended to the patient for his progressive dysphagia but was refused. Partial improvement was achieved in the patient's complaints with exercise and swallowing training in pain, movement limitation, and swallowing difficulties.
Distribution and genetic chemotyping of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum populations in wheat fields in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Tok, Fatih Mehmet; Arslan, Mehmet
Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum are among the major causal agents of Fusarium head blight, which reduces both crop yield and grain quality in wheat worldwide. The present study was conducted with 57 isolates collected from 23 different locations across four provinces in the 2011/2012 growing season. Out of the 57 Fusarium isolates, 32 isolates were identified as F. graminearum and 25 isolates were identified as F. culmorum. Both pathogens are of particular importance, since they produce several mycotoxins. Among these, deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) are well known for their toxicity towards human and animal health. Genetic chemotyping of F. graminearum and F. culmorum species indicated that both DON and NIV chemotypes were present in the surveyed area. Of the 32 F. graminearum isolates, the primer sets Tri13DON and Tri13NIV identified 87.5% as DON chemotypes and 12.5% as NIV chemotypes. Similarly, the 25 F. culmorum isolates displayed 88% DON and 12% NIV chemotypes. In addition, DON acetylated derivatives, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON) and 15-AcDON, were identified by polymerase chain reaction based methods. It was determined that 15-AcDON sub-chemotype was dominant in F. graminearum populations, whereas 3-AcDON was dominant in F. culmorum populations. This is the first report demonstrating the presence of F. graminearum and F. culmorum isolates and the distribution of 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON chemotypes in both Fusarium species in wheat fields of eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey.
Doğu Akdeniz koşullarında tarımı yapılabilecek yüksek verim potansiyelli yerfıstığı çeşitlerinin belirlenmesi
(2005) Arslan, Mehmet; İşler, Necmi; Çalışkan, Sevgi; Arıoğlu, Halil Halis
Yerfıstığında çeşit seçimi verimi ve kaliteyi etkileyen en önemli faktörlerin başında gelmektedir. Bu araştırma Doğu Akdeniz koşullarında yetiştirilebilecek uygun yerfıstığı çeşitlerini belirlemek amacı ile Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Telkaliş Araştırma Alanında tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak 2002-2003 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmaya alınan çeşitlerin bitki başına meyve verimi, bitki başına meyve sayısı, dekara meyve verimi, 100 tohum ağırlığı ve iç oranı gibi özellikler tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın birinci yılında dekara meyve verimleri 110.3 ile 511.5 kg/da arasında değişmiş olup en yüksek meyve verimi Virginia bunch, NC-7, PI 315621 ve GA Runner çeşitlerinden elde edilmiştir. Araştırmanın ikinci yılında ise meyve verimleri 241.7 ile 527.1 kg/da arasında değişmiş olup enr yüksek meyve verimi NC-7 çeşitinden elde edilmiş ve bu çeşiti sırası ile Virginia bunch, GA Runner ve Rustembourge çeşitleri izlemiştir. Yüz tohum ağırlığı değerleri 47.1 ile 102.0 g arasında değişmiş olup en yüksek değerler araştırmanın her iki yılında da 10/68-1 hattından elde edilmiştir. Path analizi sonuçlarına göre verim üzerine en büyük doğrudan katkıyı bitki başına meyve sayısı göstermiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre Virgini bunch, NC-7 , Pl 315621, GA Runner ve 10/68-1 çeşitleri, verim potansiyellerinin yüksek olması yönünden Doğu Akdeniz koşullarında başarı ile yetiştirilebilecek çeşitler olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.
Drying of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) inflorescences by intermittent and continuous microwave-convective air combination
(Gaurav Soc Agricultural Research Information Centre-Aric, 2011) Esturk, Okan; Arslan, Mehmet; Soysal, Yurtsever; Uremis, Ilhan; Ayhan, Zehra
The effect of microwave-convective air (M-CA) drying (continuous and intermittent) and convective air (CA) drying of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) inflorescences on drying kinetics and essential oil content was studied. For M-CA drying, four pulse ratio levels (PR1, PR2, PR3 and PR4) at 25 degrees C drying air temperature were used. The average drying rates were 0.211, 0.105, 0.067 and 0.053 kg H2O/kg DM/min for PR1, PR2, PR3 and PR4, respectively. The experimental data were fitted to nine different moisture ratio (MR) models to describe the drying kinetics under various drying conditions. Page model was found satisfactory to describe the drying curves of sage inflorescences. The total quantity of essential oils of sage inflorescences decreased considerably during M-CA drying, whereas the loss of essential oils was limited during CA drying. Compared to shade drying, two essential oil components, sabinene and p-cymene, were lost during CA drying. On the other hand, in addition to these two, alpha-pinene, campene, beta-pinene, limonene, gamma-terpinene, camphor, bornyl acetate, alpha-copaene, gamma-cadinene, delta-cadinene and caryophyllene oxide were disappeared during M-CA drying. M-CA drying may not be proper technique for drying of sage inflorescences when essential oil content is important.
Economic analyses of pesticide usage on red peppers (Capsicum) in Hatay Province in Turkey and determination of production cost
(Univ Fed Rural Pernambuco, Dept Letras Ciencias Humanas, 2015) Dagistan, Erdal; Demirtas, Bekir; Tapki, Nuran; Uremis, Ilhan; Arslan, Mehmet
This study was conducted to determine red pepper production economics and pesticide usage in Hatay. The data was collected from 91 pepper producers by using the face to face interview survey method. Among enterprises within the research, pepper production is one of the most important income sources and it has a 39,85% share in their total income. Pesticide average usage is 12.42 gr/ha and includes the following: 6720 gr/ha of insecticides, 700gr/ha of acaricides, and 5000 gr/ha of fungicides. Pesticides expense has a 13,91% share in the total production cost. Producers are aware of the environmental damage caused by pesticide usage but they don't believe they have any alternative options. Average pepper production is 149,4 kg/ha with a profit of 2040 $/ha.
The Effect of Heavy Metal Treatments on Uptake of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in Transgenic and Non-Transgenic Tobacco Plants
(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2013) Daghan, Hatice; Uygur, Veli; Koleli, Nurcan; Arslan, Mehmet; Eren, Abdullah
Heavy metals affect nutrient uptake of plants by means of either effecting root development and transport systems or interfering with other plant nutrients in soil solution. In this study, the effect of toxic levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) on the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were investigated in hydroponic culture. There was no toxicity sign in 5 mg Zn L-1 level but the rest of the heavy metals used caused different extent of toxicity. The first visual signs of toxicity for these heavy metals were chlorosis and the reduction in shoot and root biomass due to inhibition of metabolic functions. As a result, N, P, K uptake significantly changed. As the ratio of percent decreases for N, P, K uptake were considered, the toxicity levels of the heavy metals were, in descending order, Ni > Cu > Zn > Cd. Ni had the element that having most serious inhibition effect on the concentration of all three elements, the order of other heavy metals were determined as Cu > Zn > Cd for P and Cu > Cd > Zn for K.
Effects of amount and application time of saline water on fibre quality characteristics of cotton
(Sciendo, 2005) Odemis, Berkant; Arslan, Mehmet
Compared with good quality water the use of saline water increases the amount of water used for crop growth. An increased amount of saline water affects fibre quality. A field study was conducted to determine the effects of amount and application time of saline water on the fibre characteristics of cotton. Irrigation was carried out by a line-source sprinkler which allowed the crop to be irrigated at different levels. All of the fibre characteristics measured were significantly and negatively affected by the saline water applied at VGP and FBF whereas at BO, strength and length were the only fibre characteristics that were significantly and positively affected by the saline water applied. Osmotic potential (?) at different growth stages and mean seasonal osmotic potentials significantly by the second power affected trash, trash area and ginning out-turn. The results showed that the saline water amountthe, soil osmotic potential and evapotranspiration (ET) had a squaring effect on fibre characteristics.
Effects of harvesting hour on essential oil content and composition of Thymus vulgaris
(2013) Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Arslan, Mehmet; Rusu, Laura-Cristina
Diurnal variations in both fresh and dry leaf essential oils of Thymus vulgaris were evaluated in this study. Thymus vulgaris was harvested hourly starting at 6:00 and ending at 17:00. Fresh and dry leaf essential oil were extracted by hydrodistillation for 3 hours and analyzed by GC-MS. The results indicated that essential oil content significantly changed according to the hour of the day. The maximum oil yield was obtained by harvesting at the early hours of the day, which was found superior to oil yield corresponding to the late hours of the day. Thymol, ? -terpinen, p-cymene and carvacrol were the dominant essential oil components of both fresh and dry leaves of T. vulgaris. Except thymol, slight variations in essential oil composition of fresh and dry leaf of T. vulgaris were detected among harvesting hours. The results showed that the best harvesting hours of T. vulgaris for higher thymol concentrations were between 6:00 and 11:00.
EFFECTS OF HARVESTING HOUR ON ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT AND COMPOSITION OF THYMUS VULGARIS
(Soc Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania, 2013) Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Arslan, Mehmet; Rusu, Laura-Cristina
Diurnal variations in both fresh and dry leaf essential oils of Thymus vulgaris were evaluated in this study. Thymus vulgaris was harvested hourly starting at 6:00 and ending at 17:00. Fresh and dry leaf essential oil were extracted by hydrodistillation for 3 hours and analyzed by GC-MS. The results indicated that essential oil content significantly changed according to the hour of the day. The maximum oil yield was obtained by harvesting at the early hours of the day, which was found superior to oil yield corresponding to the late hours of the day. Thymol, gamma-terpinen, p-cymene and carvacrol were the dominant essential oil components of both fresh and dry leaves of T. vulgaris. Except thymol, slight variations in essential oil composition of fresh and dry leaf of T. vulgaris were detected among harvesting hours. The results showed that the best harvesting hours of T. vulgaris for higher thymol concentrations were between 6:00 and 11:00.

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