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    Determination of melamine in milk and dairy products by high performance liquid chromatography
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2012) Filazi, A.; Sireli, U. T.; Ekici, H.; Can, H. Y.; Karagoz, A.
    phase HPLC method was developed for the determination of melamine in milk (pasteurized and UHT milk) and dairy products (powdered infant formula, fruit yogurt, soft cheese, and milk powder). Following extraction with acetonitrile: water (50: 50, vol/vol), samples were purified by filter (0.45 mu m), separated on a Nucleosil C8 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 3 mu m) with acetonitrile: 10 mmol/L sodium l-octane sulfonate (pH 3.1; 15: 85, vol/vol) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and determined by a photodiode array detector. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range from 0.05 to 5 mg/kg. Milk and dairy products were fortified with melamine at 4 levels producing average recovery yields of 95 to 109%. The limits of detection and quantification of melamine were 35 to 110 and 105 to 340 mu g/kg, respectively. The method was then used to analyze 300 samples of milk and dairy products purchased from major retailers in Turkey. Melamine was not found in infant formulas and pasteurized UHT milk, whereas 2% of cheese, 8% of milk powder, and 44% of yogurt samples contained melamine at the 121, 694 + 146, and 294 + 98 mu g/kg levels, respectively. These findings were below the limits set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Union legislation. This is the first study to confirm the existence of melamine in milk and dairy products in Turkey. Consumption of foods containing these low levels of melamine does not constitute a health risk for consumers.
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    Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacterisolates from poultry meat in Turkey
    (Hellenic Veterinary Medical Soc, 2022) Can, H. Y.
    Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistances of Campylobacter strains from 152 chicken meatsamples were investigated. A total of 19 isolates (Campylobacter jejuni=6 and Campylobacter coli=13) were identified by multiplex PCR.The C. jejuni and C. coli isolates were tested for resistance to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline using the disc diffusion method. In addition, all the strains were analyzed for resistance gene tet-O and mutations in the gyrA and 23S rRNA genes by PCR.Overall, a high frequency of resistance was detected against tetracycline (14/19, 73.6%), followed by erythromycin (7/19, 36.8%), and ciprofloxacin (6/19, 31.5%). Two of C. coli isolates (15.3%) were multidrug resistant, whereas none of the C. jejuni isolates were resistant to three antibiotics the same time.Ten of the 14 Campylobacter strains (71.4%) resistant to tetracycline carried tet-O gene. Mutations the 23S rRNA and gyrA genes were identified in 57.1% (4/7), 66.6% (4/6) of the isolates resistant to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin, respectively.
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    Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from bovine and ovine samples in slaughterhouses of Algiers, Algeria
    (Hellenic Veterinary Medical Soc, 2018) Nouichi, S.; Ouatouat, R.; Can, H. Y.; Mezali, L.; Belkader, C.; Ouar-Korichi, M.; Bertrand, S.
    The aims of our work are to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella isolated from carcasses and feces of cattle and sheep in the two biggest slaughterhouses in Algiers, Algeria, and to characterize the obtained strains by serotyping and antimicrobial resistance testing. The detection of Salmonella was performed by the conventional culture method and isolates were confirmed by PCR. Susceptibility to antibiotics was carried out by agar disc diffusion method. The results showed that 10.17% of samples were Salmonella positive. Carcass samples were more contaminated than fecal samples. Serotyping of the 84 Salmonella isolates has enabled to identify 10 different serovars; the most predominant was S. Muenster. The invA gene was detected in 96.43% of isolates whereas all S. Typhimurium strains were positive for spy gene. Sixty-eight (80.95%) isolates were resistant to at least one of the 28 antibiotics tested and exhibited 17 different antimicrobial resistance patterns. The most frequently observed resistance was to streptomycin (69.05%). While 22.62 % of the isolates were MDR, two S. Typhimurium showed an ACSSuT'' pentaresistance pattern. Considering the importance of this group of bacteria for public health, Salmonella control is necessary at several steps of food production to ensure safe products for consumers.