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    PCR ASSAY WITH HOST SPECIFIC INTERNAL CONTROL FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM BOVINE MILK SAMPLES
    (Univ Sv Kiril & Metodij Skopje, Fak Veterinarna Medicina, 2015) Cantekin, Zafer; Ergun, Yasar; Solmaz, Hasan; Ozmen, Gamze Ozge; Demir, Melek; Saidi, Radhwane
    Staphylococcus aureus is considered as one of the most important and common pathogens of bovine mastitis. Polymerase Chain Reaction is frequently proposed in the diagnosis of S. aureus directly from milk samples instead of classical culture. However, false-negative results may occur in the polymerase chain reaction analysis performed directly from clinical material. For the purpose of disclosing the false negative results, the use of internal amplification controls can be beneficial. Therefore, in this study a new polymerase chain reaction technique with host specific internal amplification control was developed by optimizing S. aureus-specific primers in combination with bovine specific primers. The effectiveness of the developed technique in this study was attempted in milk samples from bovine subclinical mastitis. This technique has the potential to detect S. aureus from bovine milk samples or dairy products.
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    Presence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Staphylococci Isolated From Bovine Subclinical Mastitis
    (Sivar-Soc Italiana Veterinari Animali Reddito, 2024) Cantekin, Zafer; Ozmen, Gamze Ozge; Demir, Melek; Er, Zeynep Yilmaz; Gurturk, Kemal; Solmaz, Hasan; Ekin, Ismail Hakki
    The prevalence of antibiotic resistance increases rapidly worldwide, and the primary culprit is represented by their widespread use. Subclinical mastitis is the leading cause of most antibiotic treatment, representing also one of the significant problems of bovine herd management. One of the main causes of subclinical mastitis is Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, the determination of antibiotic resistance against Staphylococcus aureus is an essential step in the treatment of subclinical mastitis. The aim of this study was to identify antibiotic resistance genes in staphylococci obtained from cases of bovine subclinical mastitis in three provinces and the relationship between antibiotic resistance and ease of antibiotic availability (Burdur, Hatay and Van) in Turkey. In total, 283 isolates (Burdur, n = 36; Hatay, n = 47; Van, n = 200 isolates) were studied. The isolates were first identified as Staphylococcus aureus and/or non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) by conventional phenotypic methods, and the species was then confirmed by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A simplex PCR assay was performed to detect antibiotic resistance genes (mecA, mecC, aacA-aphD, ermA, ermB, ermC, tetK, tetM and blaZ). Among the isolates from all three provinces, the blaZ gene was the most prevalent antibiotic resistance gene, present in 43 out of 156 (28%) NAS isolates, 27 out of 127 (21%) S. aureus isolates and 25% of all the isolates. In contrast, tetM was the most prevalent gene in the Hatay isolates, detected in 64% of all isolates. The mecA-gene was present in 10% of the NAS, and in 3% of the S. aureus isolates. The mecC and ermA genes were not detected in any of the isolates. This shows that antimicrobial resistance, as determined by PCR, is common in Staphylococcus isolates from mastitis in Turkey, and warrants systematic treatment protocols as well as the implementation of preventative strategies to reduce antimicrobial usage.
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    Sığır, koyun ve keçilerde mikotik mastitislerin araştırılması
    (Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, 2016) Demir, Melek; Cantekin, Zafer
    Bu çalışmada Hatay yöresinde sığır, koyun ve keçilerde mikotik mastitis etkenlerinin belirlenmesi ve bu etkenlerin antimikotik ajanlara karşı duyarlılıklarının araştırılması amaçlandı. Etkenlerin izolasyon ve identifikasyonları klasik kültür metadu ile yapıldı ve identifikasyonları yaygın mikotik mastitis etkenleri için moleküler analizler ile teyit edildi. İdentifikasyonlara ek olarak, izolatların antimikotik ajanlara karşı duyarlılıkları disk diffüzyon ile belirlendi. Ayrıca bu ilaçların Minimal İnhibisyon Konsantrasyonları E-test ile belirlendi. Örnekleme amacıyla, 100 sığır, 100 koyun ve 100 keçiden alınan toplam 800 adet süt örneğinde somatik hücre sayısı control edildi. Sonra 24 koyun süt örneğinden 2 (% 8,34) maya ve 7 (% 29,17) mantar kolonisi, 48 keçi süt örneğinden 3 (% 6,25) maya ve 15'inden (% 31,25) mantar kolonisi, ve 94 sığır süt örneğinden 7 (% 7,45) maya ve 19 (% 20,22) mantar kolonisi izole edildi. İdntifikasyon ve moleküler analizlerin sonucunda, izole edilen 12 mayanın tamamının Candida spp. olduğu, ayrıca izole edilen mantarlardan 30'unun Aspergillus spp. olduğu belirlendi.Disk diffüzyon ve E-test sonucunda etkenlerin antimikotik ajanlara karşı sırasıyla Voriconazol, Ketocanazole, Posakonazole, Amphoterisine B, Flucytosine, ve İtrakonazol duyarlı oldukları bulundu. Tüm etkenlerin Fluconazole karşı dirençli oldukları belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada Hatay bölgesinde sığır, koyun ve keçilerde mikotik mastitislerin yaygınlığı ve antimikotik ajanlara karşı duyarlılıkları belirlendi. Bu çalışma ile elde edilen veriler bölgede mikotik masititslerin tedavisinde yararlı olabilir.