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An Analysis of Energy Use Efficiency and Environmental Prices of Grapefruit (Citrus Paradisi) Production in Turkey: A Case of Hatay Province
(Springer, 2023) Soyler, Oktay; Eren, Omer; Ugurluay, Selcuk
The aim of this research was to determine the amount of energy input and output used for grapefruit production in the province of Hatay, one of the most important citrus production centers in Turkey, and to conduct energy efficiency and environmental price analyses accordingly. This study was performed for the 2020 production season in Arsuz, Erzin, Dortyol, and Samandag towns in Hatay province. The data were collected from 42 different grapefruit growers by using a face-to-face questionnaire method. The agricultural input values, input energies, output values, and output energies used in grapefruit production were computed to determine the energy efficiency. Also, environmental prices were calculated depending on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of agricultural inputs. According to the results of the research, the energy input was found to be 60,944.87 MJ ha(-1), and the output was 107,982.64 MJ ha(-1) in grapefruit production. The environmental price was 464 euro ha(-1), and the total GHG emission was calculated as 8140.35 kgCO(2-eq) ha(-1). Electricity consumption accounted for 42.06% of the total GHG emissions in grapefruit production. This was followed by the use of nitrogen fertilizer, at 16.94%. The GHG ratio was found to be 0.13 kgCO(2-eq) kg(-1). Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy efficiency, and net energy value were determined as 1.77, 0.96 MJ kg(-1), 1.04 kg MJ(-1), and 47,037.77 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The renewable energy usage rate was 14.14% of the total energy input. Energy efficiency should be increased in grapefruit production, and more renewable energy should be used for sustainable agriculture and a clean environment.
DETERMINATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRICES OF CARROT (DAUCUS CAROTA) PRODUCTION IN TURKEY: A CASE STUDY FROM HATAY PROVINCE
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2021) Eren, Omer
The main objective of this study was to determined energy efficiency, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and environmental prices for carrot production in Hatay province of Turkey. This study was performed for 2018 production season in Kirikhan district in Hatay province of Turkey. The data provided from study were collected from 50 different farms by face to face surveys with full count method. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in carrot production were calculated to determine the energy efficiency analysis. According to the study findings, the energy inputs in carrot production were calculated respectively as 14700.00 MJ ha(-1) (35.63%) irrigation water energy, 11846.25 MJ ha(-1) (28.72%) nitrogen fertilizer energy, 4306.71 MJ ha(-1) (10.44%) diesel fuel energy, 3690.68 MJ ha(-1) (8.95%) human labour energy, 2982.50 MJ ha(-1) (7.23%) electricity energy, 1930.00 MJ ha(-1)(4.68%) phosphate fertilizer energy, 1233.31 MJ ha(-1) (2.99%) machinery energy, 267.50 MJ ha(-1)(0.65%) insecticides energy, 150.00 MJ ha(-1) (0.36%) farmyard manure energy, 112.50 MJ ha(-1) (0.27%) potassium fertilizer energy and 35.00 MJ ha(-1) (0.08%) seed energy. Agricultural energy input was calculated as 41254.45 MJ ha(-1). Agricultural energy output of carrot yield was calculated as 72760.24 MJ ha(-1). Energy efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy calculations were calculated respectively as 1.76, 0.91 MJ kg(-1), 1.10 kg MJ(-1) and 31505.79 MJ ha(-1). The consumed agricultural energy input in carrot production could be classified as 62.25% direct, 37.75% indirect. 45.03% renewable and 54.97% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was calculated as 4463.04 kgCO(2-eq), ha(-1) for carrot production with the greatest portions for human labour (29.53%). The human labour followed up nitrogen fertilizer (26.96%), water consumption of irrigation (13.33%), electricity usage (11.16%), diesel fuel consumption (7.46%), phosphate fertilizer usage (6.38%), machine usage (1.96%). seed (1.56%). potassium fertilizer usage (0.81%), insecticides usage (0.52%) and farmyard manure usage (0.32%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value and environmental prices was calculated as 0.10 kgCO(2-eq) kg(-1) and 254.39 (sic) ha(-1), respectively in carrot production.
Determination of Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Organic Almond Production in Turkey
(Springer, 2020) Baran, Mehmet Firat; Eren, Omer; Gokdogan, Osman; Oguz, Halil Ibrahim
The purpose of this study is to make the energy efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of organic almond production. This study was performed for 2016 production season in Adiyaman province of Turkey in 2017. The data provided from study were collected from 93 different farms by face to face surveys with full count method. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in organic almond production were calculated to determine the energy efficiency analysis. According to the research findings, the energy inputs in organic almond production were calculated respectively as 7320.30 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(37.21%) diesel fuel energy, 5421.17 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(27.56%) machinery energy, 3818.86 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(19.41%) human labour energy, 1632 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(8.30%) irrigation energy, 1344 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(6.83%) farmyard manure energy, 128.15 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(0.65%) organic chemicals energy and 5.94 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(0.03%) lime energy. Total input energy was calculated as 19,670.42 & x202f;MJ ha(-1). Energy values of organic almond yield were calculated as 39,811.80 & x202f;MJ ha(-1). Energy efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy calculations were calculated respectively as 2.02, 14.05 & x202f;MJ kg(-1), 0.07 & x202f;kg MJ(-1)and 20,141.38 & x202f;MJ ha(-1). The consumed total energy input in organic almond production could be classified as 64.93% direct, 35.07% indirect, 34.54% renewable and 65.46% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was calculated as 2518.46 & x202f;kg CO(2-eq)ha(-1)for organic almond production with the greatest portions for human labour (54.16%). The human labour followed up machine usage (15.28%), diesel fuel consumption (14.25%), water consumption of irrigation (10.80%), farmyard manure usage (5.16%), organic chemicals usage (0.34%) and lime usage (0.02%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 1.80 & x202f;kg CO(2-eq)kg(-1)in organic almond production.
Determination of Energy Use Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Production in Adiyaman Province
(Springer, 2022) Gokdogan, Osman; Baran, Mehmet Firat; Eren, Omer; Oguz, Halil Ibrahim
The purpose of this research is to perform the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of pistachio production. This research was performed for 2016 and 2017 production season in Adiyaman province of Turkey in dry conditions in 2017. The data supplied from research were collected from 152 different farms by face to face surveys with simple random sampling method. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in pistachio production were computed to determine the energy use efficiency. According to the research findings, the energy inputs in pistachio production were computed respectively as 4561.11 MJ ha(-1) (35.50%) diesel fuel energy, 3206.24 MJ ha(-1) (24.96%) chemical fertilizers energy, 2420.93 MJ ha(-1) (18.84%) machinery energy, 1020.06 MJ ha(-1) (7.94%) human labour energy, 715.69 MJ ha(-1) (5.57%) animal labour energy, 656.95 MJ ha(-1) (5.11%) farmyard manure energy and 266.16 MJ ha(-1) (2.07%) chemicals energy. Total input energy was computed as 12,847.14 MJ ha(-1). Energy values of pistachio yield were computed as 15,008.65 MJ ha(-1). Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy computations were computed respectively as 1.17, 22.32 MJ kg(-1), 0.04 kg MJ(-1) and 2161.51 MJ ha(-1). The consumed total energy input in pistachio production can be classified as 49.01% direct, 50.99% indirect, 18.62% renewable and 81.38% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was computed as 1123.72 kg CO(2-eq)ha(-1) for pistachio production with the greatest portions for human labour (32.42%). The human labour followed up chemical fertilizers usage (23.21%), diesel fuel consumption (19.89%), machinery usage (15.30%), farmyard manure usage (5.65%), chemicals usage (3.25%) and animal labour usage (0.27%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was computed as 1.95 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) in pistachio production.
Determination of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the production of different fruits in Turkey
(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2019) Eren, Omer; Baran, Mehmet Firat; Gokdogan, Osman
The greenhouse gas emission is a important concern in Turkey. However, agriculture plays a key role in environmental impacts in this country, because this sector is both a producer and consumer of energy as well as it can increase or reduce the environmental impacts. This study was directed to define GHG emissions for ten different fruits production (apple, grape, melon, mulberry, olive, plum, pomegranate, strawberry, walnut and watermelon) in the different provinces of Turkey. For this purpose, the first data was get from references. The results defined that total GHG emissions for ten different fruits (apple, grape, melon, mulberry, olive, plum, pomegranate, strawberry, walnut and watermelon) production were calculated as 3722.33 kgCO2-eqha-1, 1452.75 kgCCO2-eqha-1, 1402.01 kgCO2-eqha-1, 390.37 kgCO2-eqha-1, 2691.16 kgCO2-eqha-1, 930.20 kgCO2-eqha-1, 438.33 kgCO2-eqha-1, 8226.35 kgCO2-eqha-1, 1838.34 kgCO2-eqha-1, 1141.24 kgCO2-eqha-1, respectively. The GHG ratios were calculated as 0.09 kgCO2-eqkg-1, 0.10 kgCO2-eqkg-1, 0.08 kgCO2-eqkg-1, 0.03 kgCCO2-eqkg-1, 0.30 kgCO2-eqkg-1, 0.15 kgCO2-eqkg-1, 0.15 kgCO2-eqkg-1, 0.78 kgCO2-eqkg-1, 2.31 kgCO2-eqkg-1, 0.04 kgCO2-eqkg-1, respectively. © by PSP
DETERMINATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) IN THE PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT FRUITS IN TURKEY
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Eren, Omer; Baran, Mehmet Firat; Gokdogan, Osman
The greenhouse gas emission is a important concern in Turkey. However, agriculture plays a key role in environmental impacts in this country, because this sector is both a producer and consumer of energy as well as it can increase or reduce the environmental impacts. This study was directed to define GHG emissions for ten different fruits production (apple, grape, melon, mulberry, olive, plum, pomegranate, strawberry, walnut and watermelon) in the different provinces of Turkey. For this purpose, the first data was get from references. The results defined that total GHG emissions for ten different fruits (apple, grape, melon, mulberry, olive, plum, pomegranate, strawberry, walnut and watermelon) production were calculated as 3722.33 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1) , 1452.75 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1) , 1402.01 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1), 390.37 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1), 2691.16 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1) , 930.20 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1) , 438.33 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1) , 8226.35 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1) , 1838.34 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1) , 1141.24 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1) , respectively. The GHG ratios were calculated as 0.09 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) , 0.10 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) , 0.08 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 0.03 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) , 0.30 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) , 0.15 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) , 0.15 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) , 0.78 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 2.31 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) , 0.04 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) , respectively.
DETERMINATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) IN THE PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT PLANTS IN TURKEY
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Eren, Omer; Gokdogan, Osman; Baran, Mehmet Firat
The greenhouse gas emission is a major concern in Turkey. On the other hand, agriculture plays a key role in environmental impacts in this country, because this sector is both a producer and consumer of energy as well as it can increase or reduce the environmental impacts. This study was conducted in order to determine GHG emissions for eleven different plants production (barley, chickpea, corn, cotton, lentil, lupine, rice, sugar beet, sunflower, vetch and wheat) in the different provinces of Turkey. For this purpose, the initial data was collected from references. The results indicated that total GHG emissions for eleven different fruits (barley, chickpea, corn, cotton, lentil, lupine, rice, sugar beet, sunflower, vetch and wheat) production were calculated as 2516.20 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1), 2000.75 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1), 2453.82 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1), 3215.20 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1), 1994.86 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1), 3725.31 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1), 8847.09 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1), 4742.69 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1), 2348.20 kgCO(2-eq) ha(-1), 1933.61 kgCO(2-eq) ha(-1), 4098.93 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1) respectively. The GHG ratios were calculated as 0.41 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 1.16 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 0.04 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 0.56 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 1.23 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 5.07 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 1.01 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 0.07 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 0.04 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 0.09 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1), 0.78 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) respectively.
Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Organic Fig (Ficus carica L.) Production in Turkey
(Springer, 2022) Oguz, Halil Ibrahim; Baran, Mehmet Firat; Gokdogan, Osman; Eren, Omer; Solak, Mehmet
This study was conducted in an organic fig farm in the 2017 production season in Adiyaman, Tut, at the Southeast Anatolia in Turkey. According to the findings, the energy inputs of organic fig production were calculated respectively as 2217.57 MJ ha(-1) (38.07%) human labour energy, 2025 MJ ha(-1) (34.76%) farmyard manure energy, 858.73 MJ ha(-1) (14.74%) diesel fuel energy, 545.29 MJ ha(-1) (9.36%) machinery energy, 79.72 MJ ha(-1) (1.37%) electricity energy, 49.56 MJ ha(-1) (0.85%) transportation energy and 49.30 MJ ha(-1) (0.85%) irrigation water energy. The energy yield of organic fig was calculated as 12,900 MJ ha(-1). The energy output-input ratio, specific energy, energy productivity, and net energy calculations were calculated as 2.21, 1.08 MJ kg(-1), 0.92 kg MJ(-1), and 7074.83 MJ ha(-1), respectively. Total input energy consumption in organic fig production was classified as 55.02% direct, 44.98% indirect, 73.67% renewable, and 26.33% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was calculated as 1109.02 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1). The most significant portion was human labor (71.41%). The second most significant value was farmyard manure usage (17.65%), and others were as follows: diesel fuel consumption (3.80%), machinery usage (3.49%), electricity consumption (2.38%), water consumption of irrigation (1.20%) and transportation (0.07%). Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.21 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) in organic fig.
ENVIRONMENTAL PRICES AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MANDARIN (Citrus reticulata) PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF HATAY PROVINCE TURKEY
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2022) Soyler, Oktay; Eren, Omer; Ugurluay, Selcuk
The main objective of this study was to determined environmental prices and energy efficiency for mandarin (Citrus reticulata) production in Hatay province of Turkey. This study was performed for 2019 production season in Arsuz, Erzin, Dortyol and Samandag towns in Hatay province of Turkey. The data provided from study were collected from 78 different mandarin productioner by using a face to face questionnaire method. Environmental prices were calculated depent with greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of agricultural inputs. Also, the agricultural input values, input energies and output values, output energies used in mandarin production were calculated to detetthine the energy efficiency. According to the study findings, the environmental prices in mandarin production was calculated as 430.11 ha(-1). Total GHG emission was calculated as 7545.87 kgCO(2-q) ha(-1) for mandarin production with the greatest portions for electricity usage (39.42%). The electricity usage followed up nitrogen fertilizer (17.67%), water consumption of irrigation (14.49%), human labour (6.88%), diesel fuel consumption (4.96%), phosphate fertilizer usage (4.77%), machine usage (2.66%), fatutyard manure usage (2.64%), potassium fertilizer usage (2.07%), herbicides usage (1.71%), fungicides usage (1.60%) and insecticides usage (1.14%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.23 kgCO(2-eq) kg(-1). Energy efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy calculations were calculated respectively as 0.98, 1.73 MJ kg(-1), 0.58 kg MJ(-1) and -1134.65 MJ ha(-1).
Fluency in L2: Read and Spontaneous Speech Pausing Patterns of Turkish, Swahili, Hausa and Arabic Speakers of English
(Springer/Plenum Publishers, 2022) Eren, Omer; Kilic, Mehmet; Bada, Erdogan
Language learners' actual speech performances constitute an essential aspect of studies on second language learning and teaching. Although there is ample research on fluency and pauses in English, current literature does not touch on this issue from a multilingual perspective by comparing both read and spontaneous speech performances. In this descriptive study, the researchers investigated pausing patterns with 40 Turkish, Swahili, Hausa, and Arabic speakers of English. For the read speech fragments' elicitation, the participants read out a short story, and for spontaneous speech, the data was gathered through structured interviews. In total, 4007 pauses were measured through Praat, and the findings obtained from the data were analyzed using multiple regression and several multivariate analyses of variance. The findings revealed crucial insights into the nature of fluency research in terms of (a) speech registers, (b) positions, (c) conjunctions, and (d) mother tongues.
Multilingualism in digital spaces: utilising telecollaboration to raise multilingual awareness in language teacher education
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Eren, Omer
Multilingualism is becoming increasingly visible in digital spaces; however, current studies usually evaluate this potential from a qualitative perspective. However, quantitative studies could also contribute to broadening our perspective on multilingualism in digital spaces through telecollaborative projects. Based on Douglas Fir Group's (2016) theoretical framework on the multifaceted nature of language learning and teaching, 103 teacher candidates participated in an eight-week controlled intervention. Teacher candidates' progress was measured by multivariate (MANOVA) and several regressions and thematic analyses. Findings revealed that telecollaboration contributed significantly to participants' plurilingual and pluricultural competence as well as crosslinguistic awareness. Students with higher crosslinguistic awareness and motivation also had higher plurilingual and pluricultural competence and their development during this process was also manifested through their reflections as 1) emerging multilingual awareness, 2) identity investment, and 3) technology and the multilingual turn. Considering the significant gains during the project, we provided several implications for including telecollaboration in the language teacher education curriculum.
Negotiating pre-service EFL teachers' identity orientations through telecollaboration
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Eren, Omer
Purpose Telecollaboration has become a dynamic subfield of CALL studies with the increasing availability of multimodal platforms in language learning and teaching. Although current studies mostly have focused on bilingual and bicultural exchanges, affordances of multi-faceted teacher identity have not received considerable attention. To address this gap, 57 teacher candidates took part in an eight-week telecollaboration project with four instructors from European universities. Method Drawing on [Deardorff, D. K. 2006. Identification and Assessment of Intercultural Competence as a Student Outcome of Internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education 10 (3): 241-266.] process orientation and [Bennett, M. J. 1993. Towards Eethnorelativism: A Developmental Model of Iintercultural Sensitivity. In Education for the Intercultural Experience, edited by R. Michael Paige, 21-71. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press] developmental models, teacher candidates' identity negotiations were analysed through the data generated on (a)synchronous modes. Findings and Originality Findings suggest that dynamics resulting from multicultural and multilingual identity contribute to higher intercultural communicative competence, and teacher candidates' intercultural development is manifested through their (a) intercultural adjustment, (b) culture-specific identity orientations, (c) gender socialisation and (d) culture and technology interplay. This study provides several implications for EFL practitioners to foster intercultural communicative competence in language classes and utilise telecollaboration as a valuable asset with concrete outcomes for upcoming studies.
Raising critical cultural awareness through telecollaboration: insights for pre-service teacher education
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Eren, Omer
Increase in diversified teaching contexts has led researchers to investigate the potentials of telecollaboration in multicultural learning environments. While there are abundant telecollaboration studies, improving intercultural awareness through a theoretical model is usually under-investigated. Based on Byram's (1997) co-orientational and Bennett's (1993) developmental intercultural competence models, this study intends to raise critical intercultural competence among 50 pre-service English teachers through telecollaboration with five faculty members across European countries. Relying on data generated through (a)synchronous delivery modes in an eight-week intervention, participants' intercultural development was measured by quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings suggest that telecollaboration had a significant impact on learners' critical intercultural development. In particular, interaction with different cultural perspectives dismantled prejudices and stereotypes as evidenced by their 1) cognisance of diversity, 2) pragmatic cultural stance, 3) latent intercultural conflict and 4) oppressed gender inequality. This study reveals that telecollaboration is a viable venue for increasing pre-service teachers' critical cultural awareness and reducing biases in multicultural learning contexts.
Towards multilingual turn in language classes: plurilingual awareness as an indicator of intercultural communicative competence
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Eren, Omer
Multilingualism research has predominantly focused on describing the various factors behind multilingual individuals' beliefs and practices in language learning and teaching. However, language and culture are intrinsically related and how intercultural communicative competence can contribute to this alliance remains relatively unknown. To address this research gap, the current study examined the relationship between plurilingual awareness and intercultural communicative competence together with their experiences in language classrooms. The study was based on Douglas Fir Group's (2016. A transdisciplinary framework for SLA in a multilingual world. Modern Language Journal, 100(Supplement 2016), 19-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12301) framework and Deardorff's (2006. Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 241-266) process orientation model, with 265 EFL teacher (pre-service and in-service) participants. In this mixed-method study, data were analysed using several multiple regressions and thematic analyses. Findings indicate that plurilingual awareness is a significant predictor of the relationship between language and culture, and individuals with higher plurilingual awareness have higher intercultural communicative competence. Classroom practices yielded complementary results manifested through a) translanguaging as a motivational practice, b) coping with intercultural tensions, and c) technology in multilingual classrooms. This study has several implications for the multilingual turn in language learning and teaching.

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