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Öğe Identification of Medically Important Candida Species by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of the rDNA ITS1 and ITS2 Regions(Elsevier, 2017) Bayraktar, Suphi; Duran, Nizami; Duran, Gulay Gulbol; Eryilmaz, Naciye; Aslan, Hayat; Onlen, Cansu; Ozer, BurcinAim: We aimed to identify the distribution of species in candidal strains isolated from clinical samples and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method based on Msp I and Bln I restrictive enzyme cuts of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products after the amplification of ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rDNA genotypically. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty candidal strains isolated from various clinical samples were studies/ included. Phenotypic species assessment was performed using automated VITEK-2 system and kit used with the biochemical tests. Common genomic region amplification peculiar to candidal strains was carried out using ITS1 and ITS2 primer pairs. After the amplification, PCR products were cut with Msp I and Bln I restriction enzymes for species identification. Results: The majority of Candida isolates were isolated from urine (78.6%) while other isolates were composed of strains isolated from swab, wound, blood and other samples by 11.3%, 3.3%, 2% and 4.7%, respectively. The result of RFLP analysis carried out with Msp I and Bln I restriction enzymes showed that candidal strains were Candida albicans by 45.3%, Candida glabrata by 19.3%, Candida tropicalis by 14.6%, Candida parapsilosis by 5.3%, Candida krusei by 5.3%, Candida lusitaniae by 0.6% and other candidal strains by 9.3%. Conclusion: When the ability to identify Candida to species level of phenotypic and PCR-RFLP methods was assessed, a great difference was found between these two methods. It may be argued that Msp I and Bln I restriction enzyme fragments can be used in the identification of medically important Candida species. Further studies are needed to develop this kind of restriction profile to be used in the identification of candidal strains.Öğe In vitro antiviral effect of the essential oils of thymbra spicata L. on herpes simplex virus type 2(2012) Duran, Nizami; Kaya, Alpaslan; Duran, Gulay Gulbol; Eryilmaz, NaciyeThe essential oils of Thymbra spicata L. has been used for a long time as a folk medicine to treat a lot of diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antiviral effect of The essential oils of Thymbra spicata L. against HSV-2 (Herpes Simplex Virus type 2). Aerial parts of Thymbra spicata L. were used. They harvested at full flowering stage in July 2011 from the botanical gardens, Field Crops Department of Mustafa Kemal University. Chemical analysis of Thymbra spicata L. was performed by GC-MS. In the study, HEp-2 cell line derived from human larynx cancer cells was used. Cultivation of HEp-2 cells was carried out in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% fetal calf serum at an atmosphere of 37°C with 5% CO2. The cell viability was evaluated by a tetrazolium-based colorimetric method using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The main components with the highest rates were carvacrol, cymol, gamaterpinene and thymol. While, typical cytopathological changes for HSV-2 on the cells was observed at low Thymbra spicata L., concentrations (10 and 20 ?g/ml), no cytopathological changes was observed at high Thymbra spicata L., concentrations (40, 80 and 160 ?g/ml). In these concentration, HSV-2 could not affect HEp-2 cells. The present results indicated that Thymbra spicata L., with a minimum concentration value of 40 ?g/ml significantly showed antiviral effect against HSV-2 compared to the control group (p<0.001). This study shows that the essential oils of Thymbra spicata L. seems to have notable antiviral activity for HSV-2. We think that this antiviral effect of the essential oils of Thymbra spicata L may be attributed the abundant components in the structure such as Carvacrol, cymol, gama-terpinene and thymol. Our results confirmed that the essential oils of Thymbra spicata L. is a potential source of new and selective agent for the treatment of HSV-2 infection. However, further studies are needed to understand its antiviral mechanism and before making a recommendation.Öğe Relationship between the resistance genes to quaternary ammonium compounds and antibiotic resistance in staphylococci isolated from surgical site infections(Int Scientific Information, Inc, 2014) Temiz, Muhyittin; Duran, Nizami; Duran, Gulay Gulbol; Eryilmaz, Naciye; Jenedi, KemalBackground: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of disinfectant resistance genes (qacA/qacB, qacC) and the aminoglycosides resistance genes [(aac(6') aph(2 ''), aph(3')-IIIa, ant(4')-Ia)] in both S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains (CoNS) isolated from surgical site infections. Material/Methods: Totally, 130 staphylococcal strains isolated from surgical site infections between January 2012 and February 2013 were included in the study. The PCR technique was employed to verify any presence of methicillin resistance gene (mecA), aminoglycoside resistance genes [(aac(6')/aph (2 ''), aph(3)-III a ant (4')-1a)], and disinfectant resistance genes (qacA/qacB, qacC) in staphylococci. Results: MecA gene was determined in 58 (44.6%) of 130 staphylococcal isolates. A total of 28 (73.7%) of 38 S. aureus isolates were found to be positive for the mecA gene, and 4 (12.9%) of 31 isolates sensitive to amikacin were sensitive to methicillin. Eighteen (47.4%) of 38 amikacin-resistant S. aureus isolates were found to be positive for qacA/qacB genes and 11 (8.9%) of them were positive for qacC gene. Both mecA and qacA/qacB genes were found to be positive at the same time in 19 amikacin-resistant S. aureus strains. Seven (18.4%) S. aureus isolates were determined to be positive for qacA/qacB and qacC genes. Frequency of qacA/B genes was found to be 47.4% among amikacin-resistant S. aureus strains, while qacC gene was found to be 28.9% (p<0.05). The ratio of qacA/B and qacC genes in CoNS was found to be 37.9% and 20.7%, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusions: Quaternary ammonium resistance genes were found to be positive at a remarkable ratio in the staphylococcal isolates from surgical wounds. Especially, the high rates of aminoglycosides and methicillin-resistance gene was remarkable in S. aureus isolates. Quaternary ammonium resistance genes were found to be positive.Öğe Structure, Function, Molecular Genetics, Disease Associations and Therapeutic Potential of Mannose Binding Lectin: Review(Ortadogu Ad Pres & Publ Co, 2011) Gunesacar, Ramazan; Tastemir, Deniz; Yildirim, Ayse; Eryilmaz, NaciyeMannose binding lectin (MBL) which is a collagen like serum protein and primarily synthesized by the liver is a significant component of natural immune response. MBL molecule provides phagocytosis of those microorganisms by macrophages or activates the lectin pathway of complement system via C3 convertase by binding on sugar groups on the surfaces of multifarious microorganisms. The MBL2 gene is located on chromosome 10 at position 10q11.2-q21 and consists of four exons and three introns. Three genetic variations named as allel B (codon 54, GGC > GAC, Gly > Asp), allel C (codon 57, GGA > GAA, Gly > Glu) and allel D (codon 52, GCT > TGT, Arg > Cys) and affecting the serum levels and trimerization of MBL protein were detected on the first exon of MBL2 gene. An association was shown between MBL2 gene codon variants or low MBL serum levels and bacterial, viral and fungal infections or autoimmunity development. An association was also detected between high MBL serum levels and renal graft rejection, diabetic nephropathy and inflammatory diseases. In this review, relationships between MBL and diseases and therapeutic potential of the molecule were summarized along with the molecular structure, function and genetics of MBL.Öğe Virulence Factors in Staphylococci Isolated From Nasal Cavities of Footballers(Elsevier Science Inc, 2016) Duran, Nizami; Yildirim, Yunus; Duran, Gulay Gulbol; Pasa, Ozgur; Kilinc, Cetin; Yildirim, Irfan; Eryilmaz, NaciyeAim: This study aimed to investigate the rate of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin producing Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin (mecA) and slime (icaA/icaD) genes in staphylococcal strains isolated from nasal cavities of footballers. Materials and Methods: Nasal swab samples were taken from each footballers and a healthy control group for the isolation of staphylococcal strains. The polymerase chain reaction technique was used to determine Panton-Valentine Leukocidin, mecA and icaA/icaD genes in staphylococcal isolates. Results: Among 91 S. aureus strains, the presence of mecA gene was detected as 9.9%. This ratio was 17.9% (27 of 151) among the coagulase-negative staphylococci. A significant difference was found between coagulase-negative staphylococci and S. aureus isolates regarding the presence of mecA gene (P < 0.001). As for the genes of the slime, icaA/icaD genes were detected in 198 of 242 (81.8%) strains. The occurrence of slime genes was 91.2% and 89.4% among the S. aureus coagulase and negative staphylococci, respectively (P > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the frequency of the mecA and slime genes when compared with the healthy control group and the football players (P < 0.01). Of 91 isolates, 22 were found to be methicillin resistant by the oxacillin disc diffusion method, whereas the remaining (220) were methicillin susceptible. Methicillin resistance was detected as 14.9% by the polymerase chain reaction method, whereas it was found as 9.1% by phenotypic methods. Conclusions: Early and accurate diagnosis of virulent staphylococcal strains is crucial because the virulent coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococcal strains in the nasal floras of footballers may be major potential sources of superficial and deep tissue infections.
