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    Biological control of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi causing the olive knot disease with epiphytic and endophytic bacteria
    (Springer, 2022) Filiz Doksoz, Senem; Bozkurt, Imam Adem
    The aim of this study was to determine the biological control possibilities of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Psv) by using epiphytic and endophytic bacteria isolated from the roots and shoots of healthy olive trees. A total of 336 bacterial isolates (196 epiphytes and 140 endophytes) were recovered and diagnosed by using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). In dual culture tests, 81 bacterial strains inhibited pathogen development at different degrees. The highest inhibition value (A-index) was determined in Bacillus megaterium HZEP7 with a 5.24 A-index value, followed by B. subtilis HZEN1 (4.85) and Pseudomonas koreensis HZEN27 (4.83). Mechanisms of antagonist bacterial strains for siderophore and protease production were also investigated by in vitro tests. The strains to be used in vivo tests were determined according to high antagonistic effects and B. subtilis HZEN1, B. megaterium HZEP7, P. koreensis HZEN27, and B. pumilus HZEP29 strains were selected for in vivo tests. In the carrot slices inoculation, the highest inhibition value was detected in B. subtilis HZEN1 with 98.78%, followed by B. megaterium HZEP7 (94.49%), P. koreensis HZEN27 (92.09%), and B. pumilus HZEP29 (90.26%) isolates. Similar to carrot slices in sapling inoculation tests, all bacterial isolates inhibited gall formation. The highest inhibition value was determined in the B. subtilis HZEN1 isolate with 78.72%, followed by B. megaterium HZEP7 (60.87%), P. koreensis HZEN27 (46.09%), and B. pumilus HZEP29 (44.87%) isolates. The obtained results showed that B. subtilis HZEN1, B. megaterium HZEP7, P. koreensis HZEN27, and B. pumilus HZEP29 isolates could be used against Psv, the causal agent of the olive knot disease, as a biocontrol agent.
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    A new and simple pathogenicity test using carrot slices forPseudomonas savastanoipv.savastanoi, causal disease agent of olive knot
    (Springer, 2020) Filiz Doksoz, Senem; Bozkurt, Imam Adem
    Olive knot disease caused byPseudomonas savastanoipv.savastanoiis one of the important problems in olive (Olea europaeaL), pomegranate (Punica granatumL.), myrtus (Myrtus communisL.) and jasmine (Jasminum officinaleL.) in Hatay province, Turkey. The disease agent causes young seedling mortalities in intensive infections. The pathogenicity tests on the host plant seedling takes a long time to confirm identity and virulence of isolates/strains. In this study, we focused on a new and rapid pathogenicity test method forP. s.pv.savastanoiisolated from olive, pomegranate,myrtus and jasmine plants using carrot slices. Following inoculation of carrot slices withP. s.pv.savastanoiisolates, first typical knots were observed within a week and the knots fully developed on carrot slices 14 days after inoculation. Bacterial isolates were re-isolated from carrot slices and re-identified asP. s.pv.savastanoiusing LOPAT tests, MALDI-TOF MS and molecular methods. One-year-old olive seedlings (cv. Gemlik) were inoculated with the re-isolatedP. s.pv.savastanoiMKUBK-HZP14 for confirmation of carrot slice inoculation results. Typical knot symptoms were observed 60 days after inoculation of olive seedlings. The findings showed the carrot slice method to be a very simple and rapid technique for testing pathogenicity ofP. s.pv.savastanoiisolates. The main advantage of this technique was found to be its sensitivity and promptness which yields correct results within 14 days.