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Accumulation of some heavy metals in Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda) and its host sea bream, Sparus aurata (Sparidae) from North-Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Iskenderun Bay)
(Springer, 2011) Dural, Meltem; Genc, Ercument; Sangun, M. Kemal; Guner, Ozlem
The sea bream's nematode and Sparus aurata, sampled from the Iskenderun Bay, Mediterranean, in March 2008 were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry for their some heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mg, Pb, and Zn) levels. The metal concentrations of the parasites were compared to different organs (liver, muscle, gill, intestine, and skin) of the fish hosts. There were significant differences in Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Hg, Mg, and Pb concentrations in tissues of fish and its parasite. The parasite Cd, Cu, and Pb concentration was higher than the other tissues. Furthermore, significant differences were detected in the heavy metal accumulations between the parasitized and unparasitized fish tissues in Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb concentrations. The Cd, Hg, and Pb concentrations were found in fish muscle at mean concentrations over the permissible limits proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization.
Accumulation of Some Heavy Metals Seasonally in Hysterotylacium aduncum (Nematoda) and Its Host Red Sea Bream, Pagellus erythrinus (Sparidae) from Gulf of Iskenderun (North-Eastern Mediterranean)
(Springer, 2010) Dural, Meltem; Genc, Ercument; Yemenicioglu, Semal; Sangun, M. Kemal
The Red Sea Bream's nematode and Sparus aurata, sampled from the Iskenderun Bay, North-eastern Mediterranean in March 2008 were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) for their some heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mg, Pb and Zn) levels. The metal concentrations of the parasites were compared to different organs (liver, muscle, swimbladder, intestine and skin) of the fish hosts. The highest Cd (0.303 mg/kgg ww) concentrations were found in the muscle, highest Cr (4.932 mg/kg ww), Hg (2.350 mg/kg ww) Pb (22.82 mg/kg ww) concentrations were found in the parasite, highest Cu (7.608 mg/kg ww) and Fe (176.7 mg/kg ww) concentrations were found in the liver, highest Mn (31.24 mg/kg ww) Zn (78.51 mg/kg ww) concentrations were found in the swimbladder for parasitized fish. The highest Cd (0.612 mg/kg ww), Cu (8.261 mg/kg ww) Fe (261.1 mg/kg ww) concentrations were found in the liver, highest Cr (6.123 mg/kg ww) and Pb (9.125 mg/kg ww) concentrations were found in the intestine, highest Hg (2.013 mg/kg ww) Zn (83.30 mg/kg ww) and Mn (41.24 mg/kg ww) concentrations were found in the swimbladder for un-parasitized fish.
The Anaesthetic Effects of Quinaldine Sulphate, Muscle Relaxant Diazepam and Their Combination on Convict Cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Gunther, 1867) Juveniles
(Medwell Online, 2010) Bircan-Yildirim, Yasemin; Genc, Ercument; Turan, Funda; Cek, Sehriban; Yanar, Mahmut
The goal of this study was to determine the safety dosage of anaesthetic Quinaldine Sulphate (QS) alone and together with a muscle relaxant, Diazepam (D) on Convict cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (0.54+/-0.01 g) juveniles for ornamental fish sector. The trial showed that the QS with D administration significantly increased the anaesthesia level in the Convict cichlid. The fish entered light anaesthesia at 9.75 ppm QS+0.5 ppm D (0.83+/-0.02 min). Moreover, a deep anaesthesia level was reached at 9.75 ppm QS+1 ppm D (1.20+/-0.09 min) as compared to 13 ppm of QS (6.40+/-0.28 min). When used together with QS and D eliminated the excitement and hyperactivity of the fish compared to QS alone. In addition, no mortality occurred in any anaesthesia levels except high concentrations (40-54 ppm QS). This study indicate that the advisable light and deep phases of anaesthesia for experimental treatments, handling, immobilization and transportation of the convict cichlid juveniles were achieved with dosages of 9.75 ppm QS+0.5 ppm D and 9.75 ppm QS+1 ppm D, respectively.
The anaesthetic effects of quinaldine sulphate, Muscle relaxant diazepam and their combination on convict cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Günther, 1867) Juveniles
(2010) Bircan-Yildirim, Yasemin; Genc, Ercument; Turan, Funda; Sehriban, Cek; Yanar, Mahmut
The goal of this study was to determine the safety dosage of anaesthetic Quinaldine Sulphate (QS) alone and together with a muscle relaxant, Diazepam (D) on Convict cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (0.54±0.01 g) juveniles for ornamental fish sector. The trial showed that the QS with D administration significantly increased the anaesthesia level in the Convict cichlid. The fish entered light anaesthesia at 9.75 ppm QS±0.5 ppm D (0.83±0.02min). Moreover, a deep anaesthesia level was reached at 9.75 ppm QS±1 ppm D (1.20±0.09 min) as compared to 13 ppm of QS (6.40±0.28 min). When used together with QS and D eliminated the excitement and hyperactivity of the fish compared to QS alone. In addition, no mortality occurred in any anaesthesia levels except high concentrations (40-54 ppm QS). This study indicate that the advisable light and deep phases of anaesthesia for experimental treatments, handling, immobilization and transportation of the convict cichlid juveniles were achieved with dosages of 9.75 ppm QS±0.5 ppm D and 9.75 ppm QS±1 ppm D, respectively. © Medwell journals, 2010.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Various Tissues of Six Ray Species from A°skenderun Bay, Northeastern Mediterranean Sea
(Springer, 2013) Turkmen, Mustafa; Tepe, Yalcin; Turkmen, Aysun; Sangun, M. Kemal; Ates, Alpaslan; Genc, Ercument
This study was performed to investigate the heavy metal concentrations in muscle, liver, gill and intestine of six ray species from A degrees skenderun Bay. The present study is the first for rays in A degrees skenderun Bay, providing valuable preliminary information about heavy metal contents in different tissues of the examined ray species from the bay, and indirectly, indicating the environmental contamination of A degrees skenderun Bay. Heavy metal levels in intestines were generally higher than those in other tissues for all species. Metal levels in ray muscle tissue were below the international maximum allowable levels for fish and fishery products, as well as Turkish national guidelines, with the exception of the highest value for Cd in Dasyatis pastinaca.
Comparative Study of some Haematological Parameters in European Eel (Anguilla anguilla L., 1758) Caught from Different Regions of Ceyhan River (Adana, Turkey)
(Ege Univ, Fac Fisheries, 2007) Sahan, Aysel; Altun, Tulay; Cevik, Fatma; Cengizler, Ibrahim; Nevsat, Erdal; Genc, Ercument
This study was carried out in a agricultural, industrial, domestic and slaughterhouse discharging region (around Buyukmangit Village) of Ceyhan River and just under the dam's crest of Aslantas (Osmaniye) founded on the same river in the summer season of 2004. Water temperature, chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) values in these two stations were determined to the comparative effects of possible differences of water quality on haematological parameters. Forty fish were caught monthly from each station. Erythrocyte, leucocyte, haemoglobine (Hb), leucocyte cell (lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil) proportions and sizes of these cells of the fish were compared for two stations. As regard to water quality parameters, Station II was found in contaminated. Moreover, 75% of fish from Station II were found to be infested by swim bladder parasite Anguillicola crassus. In the study, leucocyte values and neutrophil proportion were found increased by means of environmental stressors (P< 0.05).
Diseases in wild and cultured fish in Turkey
(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2011) Genc, Ercument
In this chapter, the current status of major health problems in freshwater and marine aquacultures as well as in wild fishes in Anatolia/Turkey is examined. Information is presented as the form of agent-host list. The agent-host list is organized on a common systematic basis and provides information for each disease agents on various regions of Turkey. Occurrences of different health problems are increasing due to the intensive culture facilities and also negative changes in the environment including the global warming. Moreover, the statistical data warns us about the overfishing problem. This means that fish stocks are decreasing and also the number of threatened fish species is increasing day by day. This review summarizes information on the fish disease agents of Turkish fishes contained in the Turkish literature dating from the earliest available records to the end of 2010. © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth, body composition, and intestine and liver histology of the hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O-aureus)
(Israeli Journal Of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 2007) Genc, M. Ayce; Yilmaz, Erdal; Genc, Ercument; Aktas, Mevlut
This is the first study on the effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth, body composition, and intestine and liver histology of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus). Experimental diets were prepared from commercial trout diet, supplemented with MOS at levels of 0, 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 g MOS/kg feed and randomly assigned to triplicate groups. At the end of the trial, there were no significant differences between treatment groups (p>0.05) in growth parameters (live weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio) or body indices (hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic). Dry matter and protein contents increased with increasing rates of dietary MOS (p<0.05) while the mean villi length of fish fed the diet containing 1.5 parts per thousand. MOS was significantly longer (p<0.05) than that of the fish fed 4.5%. dietary MOS. The different levels of dietary MOS had no detrimental effects on liver tissue or general fish health.
Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth, body composition, and intestine and liver histology of the hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus)
(2007) Genc, M. Ayce; Yilmaz, Erdal; Genc, Ercument; Aktas, Mevlut
This is the first study on the effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth, body composition, and intestine and liver histology of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus). Experimental diets were prepared from commercial trout diet, supplemented with MOS at levels of 0, 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 g MOS/kg feed and randomly assigned to triplicate groups. At the end of the trial, there were no significant differences between treatment groups (p>0.05) in growth parameters (live weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio) or body indices (hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic). Dry matter and protein contents increased with increasing rates of dietary MOS (p<0.05) while the mean villi length of fish fed the diet containing 1.5%. MOS was significantly longer (p<0.05) than that of the fish fed 4.5‰ dietary MOS. The different levels of dietary MOS had no detrimental effects on liver tissue or general fish health.
Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides on growth, body composition, and intestine and liver histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
(Israeli Journal Of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 2007) Yilmaz, Erdal; Genc, M. Ayce; Genc, Ercument
This study investigated the effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharicles (MOS) on growth, body composition, and small intestine and liver histology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). Experimental diets were supplemented with 0 (control), 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 g MOS per kg commercial trout feed and randomly assigned to treatment groups. Enhanced growth performance was generally observed in fish fed the diet supplemented with 1.5 parts per thousand MOS. Villi of fish fed diets supplemented with 1.5 or 3.0 parts per thousand MOS were longer than those of fish fed 4.5 parts per thousand or no dietary MOS (p<0.05). Protein contents increased as the rate of MOS increased (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, or hepatosomatic index (p>0.05) and MOS had no detrimental effects on the intestine.
Effects of dietary Mannan-oligosaccharide on growth, intestine and liver histology of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822))
(Ege Univ, Fac Fisheries, 2006) Genc, M. Ayce; Yilmaz, Erdal; Genc, Ercument
Different levels of dietary mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) administered for 80 days to African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were evaluated for their efficacy on growth parameters, and intestine and liver histology. The following levels of MOS were used in commercial trout diet: 1%, 2% and 3% during the trial. At the end of the feeding period the live body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic index values were found similar for all experimental groups (P>0.05). Also, dietary MOS did not significantly affect the liver and intestine histology.
Element concentrations in the swimbladder parasite Anguillicola crassus (nematoda) and its host the European eel, Anguilla anguilla from Asi River (Hatay-Turkey)
(Springer, 2008) Genc, Ercument; Sangun, M. Kemal; Dural, Meltem; Can, M. Fatih; Altunhan, Cem
The European eel's swimbladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus, sampled from the Asi River (Orontes River) in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey) in May 2006 were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) for their some heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) levels. The metal concentrations of the parasites were compared to different organs (swimbladder, liver, muscle and skin) of the fish hosts. The parasite contained statistically highly significantly amounts of Fe (P < 0.05). The iron level of nematode was up to 25.52 times than the muscle of its host, Anguilla anguilla. However, bioconcentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn were detected in the A. crassus and it contained no statistically differences with the other tissues of its host, the eel (P > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in the heavy metal accumulations between the parasitized and un-parasitized fish tissues. The analysed metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) were found in fish muscle at mean concentrations under the permissible limits proposed by FAO.
The evaluation of gnathiid (Crustacea: Isopoda: Gnathidae) parasitism in goldblotch grouper (Epinephelus costae Staindahner, 1878) in the northeastern Mediterranean Sea using the self-organizing map (SOM)
(Springer, 2011) Genc, Ercument; Oral, Mustafa; Erol, Cavit
The self-organizing map (SOM), which is widely used in economics and engineering applications, is a type of artificial neural network trained without supervision. SOM is used to represent multidimensional data in much lower dimensional spaces-usually in two dimensions (2D)-while preserving the topological properties of the input space. In this study, 2D maps were produced by using SOM to display the relationship between seasons, length, weight, and isopod infestation of goldblotch grouper (Epinephelus costae Staindahner, 1878). This is first study of gnathiid isopod praniza larvae infesting goldblotch grouper (E. costae Staindahner, 1878) in the northeast Mediterranean Sea (36A degrees 36' N-36A degrees 07' E, 35A degrees 52' N-36A degrees 25' E) in Iskenderun Bay. Fish were sampled monthly from Iskenderun Bay for a period of 12 months from 2006 May to 2007 April (Nt = 331, Wt +/- SD (range) = 392.92 +/- 72.76g (169 - 927g), TLt +/- SD(range) = 30.85 +/- 3.88 cm (17 - 48.3 cm). Gnathia sp. was only extracted from the epithelium of the buccal cavity and internal side of the gills arch. The monthly patterns in infested fish samples (Np = 109, Wp +/- SD (range) - 349.25 +/- 182.79g (169 - 853g), TLt +/- SD(range) - 26.05 +/- 12.68cm (18.2 - 45.0cm)) infestation rates (mean prevalence, P = 28.12% (0-60) and mean intensity (MI +/- SD - 23.69 +/- 14.78(4 - 82), the relationship between length-weight and infested/non-infested fish were calculated. Although the gnathiid parasite high intensities were observed in fish, there was no significant effect on the growth and general health condition of infested fish.
FIRST RECORD OF THE EPIBIONT PROTOZOAN EPISTYLIS SP ON ZOOPLANKTON (COPEPODA, CLADOCERA, AND ROTIFERA) FROM THE ASI RIVER, TURKEY
(Brill Academic Publishers, 2009) Bozkurt, Ahmet; Genc, Ercument
Based on preliminary evidence (collected by us early 2005) of Epistylis infection of zooplankton, we investigated the prevalence of epibionts on various groups of metazooplankton with regard to Epistylis in the Asi River, north-eastern Mediterranean, Turkey. This study presents a detailed record of that ciliate protozoan on zooplankton from the Asi River in 2005-2006. Copepods, cladocerans, and rotifers were monthly sampled in the study period. The colonial Epistylis sp. was found on various groups: rotifers were the most abundant metazooplankton group (58 species out of a total of 89 zooplankton species) but the results show that copepods are the preferred substratrum for Epistylis sp., followed by cladocerans and rotifers. The highest densities of infected zooplankton were observed in December (116 ind. 20 L(-1)), then in May (92 ind. 20 L(-1)). Also October (91 ind. 20 L(-1)), and November (83 ind. 20 L(-1)) were associated with high zooplankton densities, possibly due to the increase in adhesion surface. The density of infected zooplankton was found to be positively correlated with zooplankton richness. The zooplankton infection in the Asi River constitutes the first record for Turkish inland waters of Epistylis sp., with the exception of a previous record for Cyclops vicinus Uljanin, 1875.
Infestation status of gnathiid isopod juveniles parasitic on Dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) from the northeast Mediterranean Sea
(Springer, 2007) Genc, Ercument
This is the first detailed documented record of Gnathiid isopod praniza larvae infestating dusky grouper, (Epinephelus marginatus Lowe 1834) in the northeast Mediterranean Sea (36 degrees 36 ' N-36 degrees 07 ' E, 35 degrees 52 ' N-36 degrees 25 ' E). Fish were sampled monthly from Iskenderun Bay during a 3-year period from 2000 to 2003 [N=468, W +/- SD (range)= 503.69 +/- 342.35 g (177-2,832 g), TL +/- SD (range)= 32.39 +/- 9.22 cm (16.1-67.0 cm), W-total= 0.213L(total)(2.19), r(total)(2)= 0.85]. Juveniles of the Gnathia sp. were only extracted from the epithelium of the buccal cavity. The monthly and seasonal patterns in infestation rates (mean prevalence, P= 27.35% and mean intensity, MI +/- SD=21.35 +/- 16.19), and the relationship between length-weight and infested/non-infested fish were calculated. This study suggests that gnathiid parasite has no effect on the growth and general health condition of infested fish, although high intensities were observed in fish.

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