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Öğe Characterisation, hardness and corrosion behaviour of electrodeposited ZnFe and ZnFe/BN composite coatings(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Karahan, Ismail Hakki; Yaylaci, HalitZnFe and ZnFe/BN composite coatings were successfully electrodeposited on 304 stainless steel substrates by pulse electrodeposition technique. The effect of various concentrations of BN particles in the plating solution on the structural, hardness and corrosion properties of electrodeposited ZnFe alloy and ZnFe/BN composites were investigated. The deposition process and electrochemical behaviour of alloy and composite coatings were analysed by the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for the structural, and morphological characterisation of the coatings. Vickers micro hardness indentation was used to determine the hardness of the deposits. The corrosion behaviour of ZnFe alloy and ZnFe/BN composites was investigated by open circuit potential (OCP), Tafel plots, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. As the BN particle content in ZnFe/BN composite coatings rose, the microhardness, and corrosion resistance of coatings increased, which was due to the function of grain refinement and changing dispersion strengthening. Meanwhile, grain sizes were strongly affected from the presence of BN particles and their content. The ZnFe/BN composite coatings with the BN particle concentration of 20 g L-1 had the highest corrosion resistance, and microhardness.Öğe Characteristics and high temperature wear behavior of chrome vanadium carbide composite coatings produced by thermo-reactive diffusion(Elsevier Science Sa, 2020) Gunen, Ali; Kalkandelen, Muge; Gok, Mustafa Sabri; Kanca, Erdogan; Kurt, Bulent; Karakas, Mustafa Serdar; Karahan, Ismail HakkiIn this study, Cr-V-C composite carbide layers were grown on the surface of a GGG-80 ductile iron using thermoreactive diffusion (TRD). The TRD process was carried out at temperatures of 900, 1000, and 1100 degrees C for 1 h using nano-sized Fe-V and Fe-Cr powders. The coatings were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), 2D profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), microhardness measurements, nanoindentation, and wear tests. The wear tests were performed on untreated and coated samples using a ball-on-disc type wear tester under 10 N load at four different temperatures (25 degrees C, 250 degrees C, 500 degrees C and 750 degrees C) against a 6-mm WC ball. Metallographic investigations revealed that the graphite nodules near the surface were dissolved as a result of the TRD process. Depending on the TRD process temperature, a coating with a thickness of 12-36 mu m, hardness of 24.14-31.38 GPa, and elastic modulus of 198-233 GPa was obtained. An increase in process temperature increased the thickness, hardness, and elastic modulus of the obtained Cr-V-C layers, which resulted in low friction coefficient values and decreased wear rates. Although all coated samples showed improved wear resistance in all wear test conditions, the wear rates were significantly increased at 750 degrees C due to flaking.Öğe Characterization of electrodeposited Ni-Cr/hBN composite coatings(Elsevier Science Sa, 2020) Demir, Mehmet; Kanca, Erdogan; Karahan, Ismail HakkiIn this study, Ni-Cr/hBN composite coatings with different hBN content were deposited on AISI 1040 mild carbon steel using electrodeposition. The coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), 2D surface profilometery, nano-indentation, corrosion and wear tests. While some cracks were observed in the Ni-Cr alloy coatings, more compact and crack-free surfaces were obtained in the Ni-Cr/hBN composite coatings under all deposition conditions. XRD analysis of the Ni-Cr/hBN layer revealed the presence of a predominant Ni phase with Cr, Cr2Ni3B6, (Ni2Cr23)(0.16), and hBN phases in the structure. Depending on deposition parameters, the microhardness and nanohardness of the Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr/hBN coatings were found to range between 308 and 538 HV and 1,86-7,69 GPa respectively. hBN acted as a solid lubricant in the wear tests; the friction coefficient decreased and wear resistance was improved. Among the composite coatings, the corrosion resistance of the coating with 20 g/l hBN was found to be 12 and 3.3 times higher than the steel substrate and Ni-Cr alloy, respectively. The hBN additive provided better mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in the range of 5-20 g/l hBN, but after 20 g/l hBN agglomeration became a problem and impaired the mechanical properties. The highest corrosion and abrasion resistance was obtained with 20 g/l hBN. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Characterizations and Kinetics of Refractory Niobium Carbide Coatings on AISI D3 Steel(Springer, 2023) Gunen, Ali; Acikgoz, Hasan Huseyin; Keddam, Mourad; Karahan, Ismail HakkiNiobium carbide (NbC) coatings were carried out by means of the thermo-reactive diffusion (TRD) on AISI D3 cold work tool steel, in the powder mixture composed of 25 wt.% ferro-niobium, 70 wt.% alumina and 7.5 wt.% ammonium chloride at 1173, 1273 and 1373 K for 2, 4 and 6 h. NbC coatings were inspected with scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometer, Vickers micro-hardness testing. Homogeneous, crack-free and uniform NbC coatings with 8.75-17.10 mu m thickness and 1586-2263 HV0.025 hardness were obtained on AISI D3 steel by TRD process. The integral method-based model was used for studying the carbon diffusion by forming NbC coatings. The value of 45.93 kJ mol(-1) was determined as the necessary activation energy required for the niobizing process of AISI D3 steel.Öğe A Comparative Study on the Effects of Different Thermochemical Coating Techniques on Corrosion Resistance of STKM-13A Steel(Springer, 2018) Gunen, Ali; Kanca, Yusuf; Karahan, Ismail Hakki; Karakas, Mustafa Serdar; Gok, Mustafa Sabri; Kanca, Erdogan; Curuk, AhmetThe corrosion resistances of three different thermochemical coatings (grown using titanizing, boriding, and borotitanizing treatments) applied to STKM-13A steel surfaces were investigated. The coatings were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, 2D profilometry, and microhardness experiments. The corrosion tests were conducted using both electrochemical and static immersion methods, in 3.5 pct NaCl and 40 pct HF acid solutions, respectively. The corrosion resistance of STKM-13A steel was enhanced after the coating process. The specimens were exposed to more corrosion in the HF solution than in the NaCl solution. The best corrosion resistance was obtained in the borotitanized and borided specimens immersed in the NaCl and HF solutions, respectively. The borided STKM-13A steel sample showed even less cumulative weight loss than Inconel 625 in the static immersion HF acid solution test. This suggests potential use of the borided STKM-13A steel in the uranium production units of nuclear power plants as an alternative to more costly alternatives such as Monel, Inconel, and Hastelloy. (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2018Öğe A comparison of genetic programming and neural networks; new formulations for electrical resistivity of Zn-Fe alloys(Springer Heidelberg, 2013) Karahan, Ismail Hakki; Ozdemir, Rasim; Erkayman, BurakIt is difficult to automatically solve a problem in a systematic method without using computers. In this study, a comparison between Neural Network (NN) and genetic programming (GEP) soft computing techniques as alternative tools for the formulation of electrical resistivity of zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) alloys for various compositions is proposed. Different formulations are supplied to control the verity and robustness of NN and GEP for the formulation to design composition and electrolyte conditions in certain ranges. The input parameters of the NN and GEP models are weight percentages of zinc and iron in the film and in the electrolyte, measurement temperature, and corrosion voltage of the films. The NN- and GEP-based formulation results are compared with experimental results and found to be quite reliable with a very high correlation (R (2)=0.998 for GEP and 0.999 for NN).Öğe Computer assisted corrosion analysis of hydroxyapatite coated CoCrMo biomedical alloys(Elsevier Science Sa, 2015) Coskun, M. Ibrahim; Karahan, Ismail Hakki; Golden, Teresa D.Bio-metallic CoCrMo alloys were coated with hydroxyapatite layers by electrodeposition to improve biocompatibility. Surface morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Chemical composition was investigated by FTIR. In vitro corrosion performance was examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel measurements in a simulated body fluid. Corrosion performance of the coatings deposited at various pH values was investigated using Zview and COMSOL computer modeling programs. Both programs successfully modeled EIS results. Increasing the electrolyte pH improved corrosion performance of the biocompatible coatings. Electrolyte pH influenced corrosion properties, chemical composition, and surface morphology of the coatings. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Determination of valence electronic structure of Ni in Ni-B alloy coatings using K?-to-K? X-ray intensity ratios(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Cengiz, Erhan; Koksal, Oguz Kagan; Apaydin, Gokhan; Karahan, Ismail Hakki; Unal, ErsinIn this study, K-beta-to-K-alpha X-ray intensity ratios of Ni in Ni-B alloy coatings were investigated. These samples were excited by 59.5 keV gamma-rays from a Am-241 annular radioactive source. K X-rays emitted by the samples were counted using an Ultra-LEGe detector with a resolution of 150 eV at 5.9 keV. The K-beta-to-K-alpha X-ray intensity ratios of Ni-B alloys are compared with pure Ni and each other. Deviations between the results were explained by the change in valence electronic structures of Ni in Ni-B alloy coatings.Öğe Effect of Cu concentration on the formation of Cu1-x Znx shape memory alloy thin films(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Karahan, Ismail Hakki; Ozdemir, RasimThe CuxZn1-x (x = 0.06, 0.08, 0.1) deposits were fabricated by a electrodeposition method. The structural and electrical properties of the films were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron micrograph (SEM), and DC resistivity measurements. Phase identification of the samples was studied by the XRD patterns. XRD patterns shows the characteristics XRD peaks corresponding to the, beta, and gamma phases. The grain sizes of the samples were decreased whereas microstrain increased with the increase in Cu2+ substitution. The SEM study reveals the fine particle nature of the samples with increasing Cu content. DC resistivity indicates the metallic nature of the prepared samples. It has been found that the Cu ions have a critical influence on the resultant structure and resistivity properties of the Cu-Zn samples. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Effect of current density on structural and radiation shielding characteristics of NiCoB/hBN composites(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Usta, Metin; Karahan, Ismail HakkiRadiation causes genetic changes in living systems, especially by adversely affecting health of human beings, animals and plants. The need for shielding for protection against radiation still maintains its importance today. In this study, hexagonal boron nitride ceramic material was doped with Ni-Co-B at different current densities and the absorption properties of these samples against alpha, beta and gamma radiation were investigated. It was found from the XRD and SEM images as well as radiation absorption rates that the radiation absorption properties of these samples decreased with the increase in current density. The coalescence level of hBN particles was determined to be 0.68 at a maximum current density of 100 mA/cm(2). It was observed that the absorption percentages for each radioactive beam source were between 0.76 and 5.48 at 50 mA and between 0.10 and 1.53 at 150 mA. The results were calculated and compared with the range values of the databases available in the literature, and it was procured that the results were compatible. This study will contribute to studies on shielding for radiation protection.Öğe Effect of saccharin addition on formation, wear and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited Ni-Cr coatings(Sciendo, 2023) Demir, Mehmet; Kanca, Erdogan; Karahan, Ismail HakkiNumerous factors play a pivotal role in shaping the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of electrodeposited Ni-Cr alloy coatings. This study delves into the deposition of Ni-Cr alloy coatings on AISI 1040 steel, examining the influence of saccharin additives within the electrodeposition bath. Specifically, the concentration of saccharin within the solution was varied over a range of 0 to 2 g/l. Following the electrodeposition process, a comprehensive array of characterization techniques was employed, encompassing 2D surface roughness analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and assessments of wear and corrosion performance. The characterization results of this article reveal a compelling difference between saccharin-free Ni-Cr coatings and their saccharin-modified counterparts. Notably, microcracks, a common occurrence in saccharin-free coatings, were suppressed in the saccharin-modified Ni-Cr coatings. Additionally, the latter exhibited a smoother and more uniform surface texture. A crucial observation was that the introduction of saccharin into the bath was directly associated with an increased incorporation of chromium within the coatings, resulting in higher nanohardness values. Furthermore, the residual stress within the coatings shifted from tensile to compression as saccharin concentrations increased. Concurrently, surface roughness and wear rates exhibited a consistent downward trend with increasing saccharin concentrations in the solution. The most significant findings were seen in the domain of corrosion resistance. Saccharin-modified Ni-Cr coatings outperformed the bare steel substrate and saccharin-free Ni-Cr coatings. Intriguingly, the enhancement of corrosion resistance was not linearly proportional to saccharin concentration; the optimal corrosion resistance was achieved at a concentration of 1 g/l.Öğe Effect of Sodium Citrate as Complexing Agent on the Electrodeposited CuZn Alloys: Electrochemical, Morphology, Structure, and Electrical Resistivity Studies(Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer, 2023) Ozdemir, Rasim; Karahan, Ismail HakkiIn this study, sodium citrate (SC) ions were applied as a complexing agent in the co-deposition of CuZn alloy thin film coatings from nontoxic sulphate electrolyte at room temperature. This study examined the effects of SC ion concentrations on morphology, electrical resistivity, and structure of the deposited thin films. Using the cyclic voltammetry method, electrochemical analyzes were performed. It was seen in the results of XRD analyzes that merely & alpha; and/or & beta; phases were formed in the CuZn thin-film coatings. Average grain sizes, estimated by Scherrer's formula, were decreased 63% via the addition of SC to the bath. Electrical resistivity properties of electrodeposited CuZn alloys were realized at a wide range temperature between 100 to 405 K. It is seen that when the amount of SC in the electrolyte increases, it decreases the amount of copper in the film, increases the amount of zinc, and increases the electrical resistance of the film.Öğe Effect of TMAB concentration on structural, mechanical and corrosion properties of electrodeposited Ni-B alloys(Elsevier, 2022) Karahan, Ismail Hakki; Aminifazl, Alireza; Golden, Teresa D.The influence of trimethylamine borane (TMAB) concentration as a boron (B) source on the structural and corrosive properties of Ni-B alloy coatings produced by electrodeposition was investigated. The crystal structure of the Ni-B coatings is influenced by the B content in the coating, having a slight (220) preferred orientation. The B content in the coating increased from 16 to 34 at.% with the corresponding increase in the concentration of TMAB from 1 to 20 g/L, while interestingly retaining a crystal structure. The hardness of the coatings increased with increasing B content owing to the formation of smaller crystallites. An increase in B content in the alloy coatings, led to a shift in the Ecorr values to more anodic potentials, indicating increase corrosion protection for the Ni-B coatings. This study achieved to reach 34 at.% B content in Ni-B alloy coatings produced by electrodeposition while preventing amorphization of the coating layer.Öğe Effect of trimethylamine borane (TMAB) bath concentration on electrodeposited Ni-B/TiC nanocomposite coatings(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Unal, Ersin; Yasar, Abdulkadir; Karahan, Ismail HakkiIn this study, stainless steel material was coated with Ni-B alloy-based, TiC particle reinforced composite film using electrochemical deposition method. The properties of the obtained Ni-B/TiC nanocomposite coatings were investigated in terms of the effect of trimethylamine borane (TMAB) bath concentration, which is a boron source. In addition, the data of pure Ni, Ni-B alloy and stainless steel are presented together for comparison. According to the cyclic voltammogram (CV) analysis, it is seen that TMAB contributes to increasing the deposition rate. In the crystal structure analysis, the effect of TMAB was weaker at low TiC bath concentrations, while the effect of TMAB was more dominant at high TiC bath contents. The crystal grain size values of nanocomposite coatings vary between 5.8 and 16.8 nm, and these values decrease up to 86% when compared to the crystal grain size of the pure Ni coating. Although the increase in TMAB initially causes an increase in the microhardness of nanocomposite coatings, when the TMAB value was further increased, it was observed that the microhardness decreased even more compared to the previous initial value. The highest hardness value was obtained in the sample produced at 5 g/l TiC and 6 g/l TMAB bath contents, and this value was 817 HV. Compared to this value, it was observed that the hardness of pure Ni was 65% lower. It was observed that TMAB did not have significant effect on the coating morphology, but the increase in TMAB caused an increase B content and a decrease in the TiC content in the nanocomposite coating. Furthermore, it was revealed that the increase in TMAB bath concentration caused an improvement on corrosion resistance. The corrosion current of the composite sample with 9 g/l TMAB concentration, which showed the best corrosion performance, decreased by 85% compared to pure nickel.Öğe Effects of pH Value of the Electrolyte and Glycine Additive on Formation and Properties of Electrodeposited Zn-Fe Coatings(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2013) Karahan, Ismail HakkiEnvironmentally friendly and cyanide-free sulfate bath under continuous current and the corrosion behavior of electrodeposits of zinc-iron alloys were studied by means of electrochemical tests in a solution of 3.5% NaCl in presence and absence of glycine. The effects of pH on the quality of Zn-Fe coatings were investigated in order to improve uniformity and corrosion protection performance of the coating films. The deposit morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the preferred crystallographic orientations of the deposits. It was found that the uniformity and corrosion resistance of Zn-Fe coating films were strongly associated with pH of the coating electrolyte. To obtain the effect of pH on the film quality and corrosion performances of the films, the corrosion test was performed with potentiodynamic anodic polarization method. It was also observed that uniformity and corrosion resistivity of the coating films were decreased towards pH = 5 and then improved with increasing pH value of the electrolyte. The presence of glycine in the plating bath decreases the corrosion resistance of Zn-Fe coatings.Öğe Effects of ultrasonic agitation time on wet chemical synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite(Ice Publishing, 2018) Tozar, Ali; Karahan, Ismail HakkiIn this study, the synthesis of the nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) powders by way of wet chemical method is reported. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)(2)center dot H2O) and dibasic ammonium phosphate ((NH4)(2)HPO4) were used as calcium and phosphorus sources, respectively. The effect of ultrasonic agitation time has been systematically studied between 30 and 150 min at the temperature of 70 degrees C. Structural, morphological, spectroscopic and thermal analysis have been carried out by way of X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry analysis. It is shown that the ultrasonic agitation conditions significantly affect the crystallite size, dislocation density and microstrain of the powders calculated by way of the Debye-Scherrer formula. Thermal analyses reveal that the ultrasonic agitation treatment has a very beneficial effect on the fabrication of the powders by the wet chemical method due to the inhibition of physisorbed and chemisorbed water and the calcium deficiency. Magnetic stirring treatment is found to lead to larger nHAp nanoparticle agglomerations due to more water absorption. The results offer a promising route towards the scalable synthesis of the pure-phase nHAp powders with controllable structural and morphological properties, which could be useful in various types of basic and applied research on HAp-based materials.Öğe Electrodeposition and properties of Zn, Cu, and Cu1-x Znx thin films(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Ozdemir, Rasim; Karahan, Ismail HakkiThe electrodeposition of Cu, Zn and Cu-Zn deposits from the non-cyanide Zn sulphate and Cu sulphate reduced by citrate at constant stirring speed has been investigated. The composition of the Cu-Zn bath was shown to influence the morphology, electrical resistivity, phase composition, and Cu and Zn content of the Cu-Zn deposits. Their structural and electrical properties have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), cyclic voltammeter (CV) and current-voltage measurements against the temperature for electrical resistivity, respectively. XRD shows that Cu-Zn samples are polycrystalline phase. Resistivity results show that the copper film exhibits bigger residual resistivity than both the zinc and the Cu-Zn alloy. Theoretical calculations of the XRD peaks demonstrate that the average crystallite size of the Cu-Zn alloy decreased and microstrain increased when the Cu alloyed with zinc. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Electrophoretic deposition of collagen-reinforced HA/CTS biocomposite coatings(Ice Publishing, 2019) Tozar, Ali; Karahan, Ismail HakkiIn this study, the biomimetic approach described as reverse engineering by trying to copy the excellent concepts of nature and taking nature as a model has been used. In order to mimic the structure of natural bone, hydroxyapatite (HA), chitosan (CTS) and collagen have been combined as a novel type of biocomposite coating. HA/CTS/collagen biocomposite coatings have been successfully electrophoretically deposited on Ti6Al4V biomedical implants. A novel type of a polyelectrolyte consisting of ethanol, water and isopropyl alcohol has been used for the electrophoretic deposition process. The effect of collagen concentration on the structural and corrosion protection performance of the biocomposite coatings has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel extrapolation) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The electrophoretically deposited HA/CTS/collagen biocomposite coatings have exhibited corrosion protection against simulated physiological body fluid up to five times better than that of bare Ti6Al4V alloy.Öğe Elektrokimyasal Depolama Yöntemi ile AISI 304 Çeliği Yüzeyine Biriktirilen Ni-B/TiB2 Kompozit Kaplamaların Kristal Yapı ve Bazı Mekanik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi(2021) Ünal, Ersin; Yaşar, Abdulkadir; Karahan, Ismail HakkiBu çalışmada, Watts tipi nikel banyosunda Ni-B alaşım anayapılı ve TiB2 mikro parçacık takviyeli\rkompozit kaplama, paslanmaz çelik altlık üzerine depolanmıştır. Elde edilen kompozit kaplamanın\rözellikleri saf nikel ve Ni-B alaşım kaplamalar ile mukayese edilerek incelenmiştir. Takviye parçacıkların\retkisini belirlemek amacıyla kristal yapı, mikrosertlik, morfoloji ve aşınma dayanımı analizleri\ryapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre takviye parçacıkların, saf nikel ve Ni-B alaşımına göre kristal yapı\rüzerinde değişime neden olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca mikro TiB2 parçacıklar sertlikte de artışa sebep\rolmuştur. Parçacıklar mikro sertlikte, paslanmaz çeliğe göre %225, saf nikele göre %115 civarında artışa\rsebep olurken, Ni-B alaşımına kıyasla yaklaşık %60 civarında bir artışla sonuçlanmıştır. Kompozit\rkaplamanın morfolojisinin de diğer kaplamalardan oldukça farklı olduğu, fakat genel olarak düzgün bir\ryüzeye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, kompozit kaplamanın aşınma dayanımının saf nikel ve Ni-B\ralaşım kaplamalarına kıyasla daha iyi olduğu analiz sonuçlarından anlaşılmıştır.Öğe Empirical modeling of magnetoresistance and electrical resistivity properties of electrodeposited CuCoNi alloys(National Institute of Optoelectronics, 2009) Karahan, Ismail Hakki; Bakkaloglu, Ömer Faruk; Güder, H.S.This article presents Genetic Programming (GP) as a new tool for the formulations of magnetoresistance and electrical resistivity properties of electrodeposited CuCoNi alloys. There are no well established formulations for predicting magnetoresistance and electrical resistivity properties of electrodeposited alloys related to film composition. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to develop robust formulations based on the experimental data and to verify the use of GP for generating the formulations for magnetoresistance and electrical resistivity of electrodeposited CuCoNi alloys. To generate databases for the magnetoresistance and electrical resistivity formulations training and testing sets in total of 144 samples were selected at different temperatures and ratios of components. The training and testing sets consisted of randomly selected 123 and 21 for magnetoresistance formulation and 115 and 29 for the electrical resistivity, respectively. The paper shows that the GP based formulation appears to well agree with the experimental data and this is found to be quite reliable.
