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ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG-LOADED BIOPOLYMERIC SPONGIOUS MATRICES WITH THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES IN BURNS TREATMENT
(Soc Stinte Farmaceutice Romania, 2018) Udeanu, Denisa Ioana; Kaya, Madalina Georgiana Albu; Ghica, Mihaela Violeta; Marin, Stefania; Marin, Maria Minodora; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Popa, Lacramioara
The most important goals of burns treatment suppose a fast skin regeneration to promote healing, the initial pain reduction and minimal scars forming. The development of new biopolymers-based wound dressings to ensure a proper healing process is nowadays a major challenge considering the incidence and consequences of burns. Our previously designed anti-inflammatory drug-loaded biopolymeric spongious matrices were initially tested by in vitro analysis and revealed proper morphological structure, swelling ability, degradation profiles and drug release patterns, indicating their potential use for burns treatment. Thus, the study aims to evaluate some collagen-sodium carboxymethylcellulose spongious matrices with or without mefenamic acid as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in experimentally induced burns on Wistar rats, a frequently used animal model for the assessment of wounds healing. The treatment with the designed sponges promoted the wound healing compared to the classical treated control group. The sponges with mefenamic acid accelerated the healing process with a faster epithelial regeneration and a minimal scarring in comparison with the formulations containing no anti-inflammatory drug.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Nigella sativa L. AND Thymbra spicata L. ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST Tricophyton rubrum
(Incdtp-Icpi, 2018) Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Duran, Nizami
In this study, we aimed to investigate components and the antifungal activity of Nigella sativa L. and Thymbra spicata L. essential oils against Tricophyton rubrum. Thirty-nine essential oil components, representing 99,69 %, were detected in the essential oil of Thymbra spicata L. The major essential oil constituents were carvacrol (58,32 %), gamma-terpinene(28,53 %),o-cymene (5,20 %) and a-terpinene (2,03 %). Twenty-four essential oil components, representing 98,39 %, were detected in the essential oil of Nigella sativa L. The major essential oil constituents were anethole (22.97 %), thymoquinone (21.36 %), alpha-thujene (6.22 %), longifolene (5.76 %), trans-isoeugenol (3.55 %) and carvacrol (2.23 %). Antifungal activity of the essential oils of Nigella Sativa and Thymbra spicata was evaluated microdilution method. Fluconazole was selected as the standard antifungal drug. The activity of Nigella sativa L. and Thymbra spicata L. essential oils against T. rubrum was quite high. While Nigella sativa L. essential oils had MIC and MBC values of 1 and 2, Thymbra spicata L. essential oils were remarkable against T. rubrum. Thymbra spicata L. essential oils had the best MIC and MBC values (6.25 and 12.5 mg/ml). In our study, the efficacy of Thymbra spicata L. essential oils against Tricophyton rubrum was found higher. It seems that the essential oils of Nigella sativa L. and Thymbra spicata L. contain active components against rubrum, which is an important effect of superficial fungal infections.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Origanum syriacum L. ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST Candida spp.
(Incdtp-Icpi, 2018) Duran, Nizami; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan
The infections caused by Candida species have been reported to cause serious life-threatening infections. Because the increased drug resistance among candida spp., new drug researches are intensively carried out. Origanum syriacum L. is a valuable medicinal plant in terms of its components. The aim of this study was to investigate components and the antifungal activity of Origanum syriacum L. essential oils on the growth of Candida spp. By GC-MS was highlighted that thymol (42,18 %), carvacrol (33,95 %), cymene (8,87 %) and gamma-terpinene (8,21 %) are the main components. Antifungal activity of the essential oils of Origanum syriacum L. was evaluated by microdilution method. The most notable activity was obtained against C. dubliniensis, C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. MIC values were found to be 15.6 C. for C. dubliniensis and 31.2 mu g/ml for C. parapsilosis and C. albicans. MIC values against C. glabrata, C. kern., C. intermedia were found to be 62.5, MIC values for C. krusei and C. glabrata were 125 mu g/ml. The highest activity in terms of MBC values in the study was obtained against C. intermedia and C. parapsilosis (62.5 mu g/ml). Our results are particularly promising to have significant activity against C. dubliniensis, C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. Origanum syriacum L. essential oils, which were also effective against non-albicans Candida species, may be a new hope for the treatment of candida infections.
THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF Myrtus communis AND Micromeria fruticosa ESSENTIAL OILS
(Incdtp-Icpi, 2018) Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Duran, Nizami
This study was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Myrtus communis and Micromeria fruticosa against four Gram-positive (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis) and four Gram-negative [(Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter aerogenes) bacteria by employing broth microdilution methods. The main components determined by GC-MS for Myrtus communis essential oil were Eucalyptol (45,41%), alpha-Pinene (20,86%), Linalool (9,71%), alpha-Terpineol (6,11%) and Limonene (5,88%) and for Micromeria fruticosa L. essential oil were Pulegone (58,32%), p-Menthan-3-one (12,99%) and Levomenthol (9,85%). Antibacterial activities of Myrtus communis and Micromeria fruticosa essential oils were searched against Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterobacter aerogenes. In order to evaluate the MIC values of the bacterial strains, Minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) determined by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory standards. Amikacin was selected as standard drug for bacterial strains. As a result, it has been found that Myrtus communis and Micromeria fruticosa essential oils are very promising against these bacteria, which are among the major infectious agents in the world as well as in our country. Essential oils of these plants have been found very promising in the production of new antimicrobials. Further in vivo studies are needed in this regard.
Biodegradable Antimicrobial Food Packaging: Trends and Perspectives
(Mdpi, 2020) Motelica, Ludmila; Ficai, Denisa; Ficai, Anton; Oprea, Ovidiu Cristian; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Andronescu, Ecaterina
This review presents a perspective on the research trends and solutions from recent years in the domain of antimicrobial packaging materials. The antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities can be induced by the main polymer used for packaging or by addition of various components from natural agents (bacteriocins, essential oils, natural extracts, etc.) to synthetic agents, both organic and inorganic (Ag, ZnO, TiO2 nanoparticles, synthetic antibiotics etc.). The general trend for the packaging evolution is from the inert and polluting plastic waste to the antimicrobial active, biodegradable or edible, biopolymer film packaging. Like in many domains this transition is an evolution rather than a revolution, and changes are coming in small steps. Changing the public perception and industry focus on the antimicrobial packaging solutions will enhance the shelf life and provide healthier food, thus diminishing the waste of agricultural resources, but will also reduce the plastic pollution generated by humankind as most new polymers used for packaging are from renewable sources and are biodegradable. Polysaccharides (like chitosan, cellulose and derivatives, starch etc.), lipids and proteins (from vegetal or animal origin), and some other specific biopolymers (like polylactic acid or polyvinyl alcohol) have been used as single component or in blends to obtain antimicrobial packaging materials. Where the package's antimicrobial and antioxidant activities need a larger spectrum or a boost, certain active substances are embedded, encapsulated, coated, grafted into or onto the polymeric film. This review tries to cover the latest updates on the antimicrobial packaging, edible or not, using as support traditional and new polymers, with emphasis on natural compounds.
The Change of Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss) Manden & Scheng Essential oils and their components at the different growth stages
(Chiminform Data S A, 2014) Inan, Memet; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Vuluga, Zina; Albu, Madalina Georgina
Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden.&Scheng. is an endemic species of Lamiaceae family spreading in different regions of Turkey. In order to determine the different growth stages in this species, the plant was harvested in its natural growing area for three times including the period of pre-flowering, full flowering and post-flowering. The highest rate of essential oil in plant was determined in post-flowering period (5.58 %), and this was followed by full-flowering (5.45%) and pre-flowering periods (2.83%). In all harvest periods, the main component of the essential oil was pulegone, and depending upon the development of the plant, the rate of the essential oil increased, as well. The highest rate of pulegone was determined in full-flowering period as 74.37%.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM Origanum onites L. AND Cymbopogon citratus, AND THEIR SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS WITH ACYCLOVIR AGAINST HSV-1
(Incdtp-Icpi, 2018) Duran, Nizami; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan
Origanum onites L. and Cymbopogon citratus have a number of pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. In this study, we aimed to investigate the components and the synergistic effect of Origanum onites L. and Cymbopogon citratus and their combinations with acyclovir against HSV-1 on HEp-2 cell line. The main essential oil components of Origanum onites L. were Thymol (68,28%), gamma-Terpinene (5,50%), p-Cymene (5,47%) and Linalool (4,40%) and for Cymbopogon citratus the main components were E-Citral (47,53%), Z-Citral (36,29%), beta-Myrcene (9,31%). Initially, 100 TCID50 (Tissue Culture Infective Dose) of HSV-1 on HEp-2 was calculated in the study. Antiviral activity studies were carried out at the concentration of 1, 10 and 100 TCID50 of HSV-1. The antimicrobial efficacy of the Origanum onites L. and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils were assessed alone and in combination with acyclovir. In addition, the efficacy of acyclovir was determined on 100 TCID50 of HSV-1. In conclusion, the essential oils of Origanum onites L. and Cymbopogon citratus against HVS-1 were found to have a significant inhibitory effect on viral replication. We think that the essential oils of Origanum onites L. and Cymbopogon citratus may be a very important agent against herpesviruses. In particular, the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus can be a very promising plant.
Chemical Composition of Stachys pumila Essential Oil
(Springer, 2015) Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Guzel, Yelda; Arslan, Mehmet
[Abstract Not Available]
Comparative Study of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oils Obtained by Microwave and Classical Hydrodistillation
(Chiminform Data S A, 2018) Danila, Elena; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Patrascu, Mariana; Kaya, Madalina Albu; Kumbakisaka, Sylviu
Lavandula angustifolia which belong to Lamiaceae family with origins in the Mediterranean regionis one of the most important species of Lavandula. The most common method for obtaining the essential oil of lavender is described in the literature is steam hydrodistillation using a Neo-Clevenger, official method described in the European Pharmacopoeia. Another method described in the literature for obtaining oil of lavender is the extraction using microwave. The aim of this study was to obtain lavender essential oils bythese two different methods: classical hydrodistillation using Neo-Clevenger apparatus and microwave-assisted extraction. The yield of extraction was different for the two of methods 0.124 % for classical hydrodistillation and 0.6 % for microwave - assisted extraction. In order to establish and compare the chemical composition of lavender essential oils we used a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the classical hydrodistillation method 44 components with 99.20% yield and in microwave extraction, 46 components with 99.33% yields have been identified. The main compound of essential oil obtained was Linalool. But the other secondary main components are totally different. Even if the obtainedyield for lavender essential oil was bigger in the case of classical hydrodistillation, taking into account the time of extraction was lower for the oil obtained by microwave, it is recommended to continue with this modern method.
Development and Investigation of an Innovative 3D Biohybrid Based on Collagen and Silk Sericin Enriched with Flavonoids for Potential Wound Healing Applications
(Mdpi, 2024) Sleiman, Lea; Lazar (Popa), Andreea-Daniela; Albu-Kaya, Madalina; Marin, Minodora Maria; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Vasile, Otilia-Ruxandra; Dinescu, Sorina
Skin tissue injuries necessitate particular care due to associated complex healing mechanisms. Current investigations in the domain of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are focused on obtaining novel scaffolds adapted as potential delivery systems to restore lost tissue functions and properties. In this study, we describe the fabrication and evaluation of a novel 3D scaffold structure based on collagen and silk sericin (CollSS) enriched with microcapsules containing natural compounds, curcumin (C), and/or quercetin (Q). These 3D composites were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, water uptake, in vitro collagenase degradation, and SEM microscopy. Furthermore, they were biologically evaluated in terms of biocompatibility, cell adhesion, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. All tested materials indicated an overall suitable biocompatibility, with the best results obtained for the one containing both flavonoids. This study suggests the cumulative beneficial effect of C and Q, encapsulated in the same composite, as a potential non-invasive therapeutic strategy for skin tissue regeneration in patients suffering from chronic wounds.
DICLOFENAC SPONGIOUS MATRICES BASED ON COLLAGEN AND ALGINATE FOR RELIEVING INJURY PAINS
(Incdtp-Icpi, 2018) Draghici, Roxana-Denisa; Marin, Maria Minodora; Ghica, Mihaela Violeta; Kaya, Madalina Georgiana Albu; Anuta, Valentina; Dinu-Pirvu, Cristina; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan
The sport injuries become more and more frequent so there is a need to discover new solutions for increasing the quality of life for people affected by such wounds. The aim of this study was to obtain a novel NSAID drug delivery system, topical diclofenac spongious matrices based on collagen and alginate for the treatment of injuries and relieving of pain. The samples were analyzed by flow analysis and after their freeze-drying were analyzed by FT-IR and in vitro release of sodium diclofenac.The results obtained from analyses confirmed that diclofenac spongious matrices based on collagen and alginate exhibit proper characteristics for the treatment of injuries and relieving of pain.
Diurnal, Ontogenetic and Morphogenetic Variability of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp stoechas in East Mediterranean Region
(Chiminform Data S A, 2012) Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Inan, Memet; Giray, Elife Sultan; Kirici, Saliha
Lavandula species which belong to Lamiaceae family have a wide spread area in the Mediterranean region. Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas which is called Karabasotu in Turkish, has grown commonly under the natural conditions of Turkey. This species is widely used in cosmetics as well as for medicinal use. Seeds of this species collected from Hatay were domesticated at the field trial area of Cukurova University Agricultural Faculty. Plants were harvested three times a day (07:(00)am, 12:(00)am and 05:(00)pm) during two different growing stages (before flowering and full flowering). Contents of essential oil and its components were determined by using bottom, middle and top leaves for both growing stages in each harvest time. In addition to the three plant parts, the flower part was used at full flowering stages. The content of essential oils ranged between 0.71-1.97% and alpha-pinene, d-fenchone, camphor, eucalyptol, and myrtenyl-acetate were determined as major essential oil components depending on plant parts, growing stages and harvesting times.
Diurnal, ontogeneticand morphogenetic variability of lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas in East Mediterranean Region
(Syscom 18 SRL, 2012) Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Inan, Memet; Giray, Elife Sultan; Kirici, Saliha
Lavandula species which belong to Lamiaceae family have a wide spread area in the Mediterranean region. Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas which is called "Karabas ?otu " in Turkish, has grown commonly under the natural conditions of Turkey. This species is widely used in cosmetics as well as for medicinal use. Seeds of this species collected from Hatay were domesticated at the field trial area of Çukurova University Agricultural Faculty. Plants were harvested three times a day (07:00am, 12:00am and 05:00pm) during two different growing stages (before flowering and full flowering). Contents of essential oil and its components were determined by using bottom, middle and top leaves for both growing stages in each harvest time. In addition to the three plant parts, the flower part was used at full flowering stages. The content of essential oils ranged between 0.71-197°/o and a-pinene, d-fenchone, camphor, eucalyptol, and myrtenyl-acetate were determined as major essential oil components depending on plant parts, growing stages and harvesting times.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ESSENTIAL OILS ON HUMAN DENTINE STRUCTURE
(Soc Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania, 2017) Zgarian, Roxana Gabriela; Iacob, Filip; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Rau, Ileana; Voicu, Georgeta; Tihan, Gratiela Teodora
This paper revealed the effect of Oregano, Rosmarinus and Myrtus essential oils on the dentine structure stability for the improvement of collagen resistance against enzymatic activity. Several techniques were used: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), enzymatic degradation and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results showed that all studied oils acted as protective films on the dentine after digestion of collagenase, even if the Oregano or Myrtus essential oils caused a demineralization process at the beginning. The oil treated slabs presented a significant lower mass loss than the non-treated slab after the action of the collagenase. This fact indicates a beneficial impact of these essential oils on the stability of the dentine.
The effect of dye plant amounts on color and color fastness of wool yarns
(Inst Natl Cercetare-Dezvoltare Textile Pielarie-Bucuresti, 2014) Inan, Memet; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Kirici, Saliha
Walnut, sumac, pomegranate, madder and oak are plants widely used in natural dying. In order to measure fastness degree of wool dyed with these plants, dying were made by using mordant of alum. So, plant organs crushed at the weight of 25%, 50%, 100% and 200% of wool weight were used. Dark colors were determined at all samples with which plant two times of wool weight were used. However, as dye concentration increased, rubbing and washing fastness in wools decreased; whereas wet water dropping fastness increased. Dry water dropping fastness obtained from all concentration were found to be high (4-5).
THE EFFECT OF LAUREL AND THYMBRA ESSENTIAL OILS ON ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF COLLAGEN HYDROLYSATE
(Ars Docendi, 2012) Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Ferdes, Mariana; Badea, Nicoleta; Albu, Madalina Georgiana
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of essential oils on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of collagen hydrolysate. The essential oils were obtained from Laurus nobilis L. (3,7%) and Thymbra spicata L. (4,1%) and they were characterized by GC-MS. Collagen hydrolysate obtained by biotechnological process was modified by essential oils and hydroalcoholic solutions with 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0% thymbra and laurel oil were prepared. These hydroalcoholic solutions were characterized by antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. The antioxidant activity was more effective for the combination between hydrolysate and essential oils and increased with essential oils concentration increase. Based on its properties the hydroalcoholic solution with collagen hydrolysate and 2% thymbra oil proved the best antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in order to be use in medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, biotechnology and food industry.
The effect of lavandula essential oils on release of niflumic acid from collagen hydrolysates
(Korean Institute Chemical Engineers, 2016) Ghica, Mihaela Violeta; Albu, Madalina Georgiana; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Popa, Lacramioara; Ozturk, Sevket; Rusu, Laura-Cristina; Dinu-Pirvu, Cristina
The aim of this paper is to design and characterize some drug delivery systems (DDS) based on collagen hydrolysates (H), niflumic acid as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory model drug and two essential oils of Lavandula officinalis L. (LO) and Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. Stoechas (LS), for use in healing cutaneous wounds with post-lesion inflammatory response. The essential oils are characterized by GC-MS. The wettability capacity of collagen hydrolysate powders was assessed by contact angle measurement. Niflumic acid release was investigated using a modified Franz diffusion cell, and the diffusion coefficient, time-lag and drug flux were determined. The kinetic parameters were found to be influenced by different concentrations and types of essential oils. These therapeutical products, based on collagen hydrolysates and synergistic drug associations, could have potential biomedical application in wound healing treatment.
The Effect of Lavender Essential Oils on Collagen Hydrolysate
(Chiminform Data S A, 2013) Inan, Memet; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Albu, Madalina Georgiana
The aim of this study was to develop new natural compounds based on collagen hydrolysate modified with lavender essential oils. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of Lavender officinalis L. and Lavender stoechas L. subsp. stoechas with the yield of 3.0 and 3.6% respectively. The chemical composition determined by GC-MS analyses showed that fenchone (45.47%), 1.8 cineol (19.47%) and camphor (17.23%) were the main components for L. stoechas oil, while for L. officinalis, linalool (28.00%) linalyl acetate (43.96%) and camphor (5.94%) were found in high concentrations. The main groups of essential oils were identified also by FT-IR. Natural compounds with 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 ratios (w/w) were prepared by collagen hydrolysate with 6000 Da and lavender essential oils. The modifications of collagen hydrolysate as a result of lavender essential oil interactions were determined by FT-IR. The results showed that L. stoechas essential oil was linked stronger on collagen due to higher content of ketones comparing with L. officinalis which is rich in alcohols and esters. The essential oils were bonded on side chain of amino acids from collagen hydrolysate. The new obtained compounds could be used as basic natural ingredients in medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, as they are products with added value, keeping the therapeutic properties of both collagen and essential oils.
Effect of Some Essential Oils on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Alfalfa Hay
(Mattioli 1885, 2021) Onel, Suleyman Ercument; Aksu, Taylan; Kalamak, Adem; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Aksu, Devrim Saripinar; Sakin, Fatib; Turkmen, Musa
Study Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of essential oils derived from the leaves of Laurus nobilis (LNEO), Myrtus communis (MCEO), Lavandula stoechas (LSEO), Artemisia annua (AAEO), and Thymbra spicata (TSEO) on the rumen fermentation parameters (gas production, methane emission, organic acids, and the number of protozoa) of dry alfalfa hay. Methods: The components of all essential oils were analyzed. The effects of adding the same dose (60 mg/L) of each essential oil to the rumen fluid on in vitro rumen digestion were determined by in vitro gas production. Results: The addition of Lavandula stoechas, Artemisia annua, Myrtus communis, and Laura nobilis essential oils decreased the total gas and methane formation (ml), organic matter digestion (OMD), ruminal ammonia nitrogen levels, and the metabolic energy (ME) values. On the other hand, the Thymbra spicata essential oil did not affect any parameter except the ruminal ammonia nitrogen level. The rumen protozoa numbers were unaffected by the addition of Thymbra spicata essential oil. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), and butyric acid (BA) amounts in the in vitro fermentation fluid of alfalfa hay were low in all groups. Conclusion: It was determined that the active ingredients of LSEO, AAEO, MCEO, and LNEO may have a regulatory effect on ruminal fermentation. We think that more studies using different feed types and combinations of essential oils are required to reveal the effects of these essential oils on ecology and the physiology of the digestive system.
Effects of different drying methods on components of Thymbra spicata L. essential oil from flora of Hatay (Turkey)
(Certex, INCDTP-ICPI, 2016) Mert, Ahmet; Türkmen, Musa; Bahadirli, Nadire Pelin; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Ayanog?lu, Filiz; özturk, S¸evket
Zahter (Thymbra spicata), a perennial member of the Labiatae family is one of the most important spices in Hatay's cuisine. Its dry leaves are mixed with red pepper, sesame and ço¨kelek (a special cheese in the region) and is heavily used in su¨rk (a dish made with ço¨kelek) and pastries. This study aims to determine the effects of various drying methods on the essential oil content of thymbra spicata, a naturally growing plat in Hatay. The plant material was harvested from Hatay's flora on May 4, 2015 and dried in the shade, in an oven at 30°C. The essential oil was obtained with vapor distillation, and its contents were determined using GC/MS. The study determined that the ratio of carvacrol, the main component off Thymbra spicata essential oil changes between %51.14 and 72.54. © 2016 Certex, INCDTP-ICPI.

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