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Characterization and pathogenicity of Fusarium solani associated with dry root rot of citrus in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey
(Springer Japan Kk, 2020) Kurt, Sener; Uysal, Aysun; Soylu, E. Mine; Kara, Merve; Soylu, Soner
Fusarium dry root rot is one of the most dangerous diseases of citrus in Turkey. Since December 2015, a devastating decline has caused light purple, vascular discolorations, and dry decay of fibrous roots in some citrus orchards. Cream-colored colonies produced ovoid, ellipsoid or reniform, 1-2-celled microconidia. Macroconidia were 3-5 septate, hyaline, straight, or slightly curved. Chlamydospores were produced from mycelium in intercalary or terminal chains. The fungus was identified as Fusarium solani by sequencing of the ITS and tef-1 alpha nucleotides, pathogenicity assay and MALDI-TOF MS. In pathogenicity tests on 'Okitsu', 20 isolates of Fusarium spp. caused typical root rot.
Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes causing anthracnose on pomegranate in Turkey
(Springer, 2018) Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Sener
During spring 2017, an anthracnose-like foliar disease was observed in the pomegranate orchards in the region. Disease incidence (%) ranged from 15 to 22. The objectives of this study were to characterise this fungal pathogen, based on morphology, molecular characteristics and pathogenicity. Foliar symptoms progressed light to dark brown, concentric, circular, distinct spots with yellowish halos. Also, salmon coloured spore masses were observed on pomegranate cv. Hicaz leaves in Kozan district. Cultural and morphological examinations and DNA sequence data revealed that the fungus associated with symptomatic leaves was Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Pathogenicity testing was performed by inoculation of healthy leaves with a spore suspension of C. gloeosporioides. This confirmed C. gloeosporioides as causal agent of anthracnose symptoms on pomegranate in Turkey.
Detection of the race of Exserohilum turcicum [(Pass.) KJ Leonard & Suggs] causing northern leaf blight diseases of corn in Turkey
(Springer, 2020) Turgay, Emine Burcu; Buyuk, Orhan; Tunali, Berna; Helvacioglu, Ozlem; Kurt, Sener
Northern Leaf Blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum is the most significant disease in corn growing fields. The most important strategy for controlling Northern Leaf Blight is to use resistant varieties derived from qualitative and quantitative traits of corn grown around the world. Northern Leaf Blight threats to corn production because of the presence of E. turcicum races and new races potential. Therefore, in order to obtain and use resistant lines at the regional level, it is necessary to determine pathogen races. For this reason, the objective of this study was to identify races of 50 E. turcicum isolates collected by the survey carried out on 7 important corn producing areas, Sakarya, Samsun, Ordu, Adana, Mardin, Osmaniye, and Mersin provinces, belonging to the Marmara, Black Sea, Mediterranean and Southeastern Anatolia regions of Turkey. In result, 8 different races of northern leaf blight, namely 0, 1, 2, 123, N, 1 N, 3 N, 12 N were found in Turkey. The most common races were identified as race 0 and race 1. In addition, molecular identification studies confirmed the validity of morphologically identified E. turcicum isolates.
Determination of antagonistic potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from lettuce against lettuce white mould disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
(Lithuanian Research Centre Agriculture & Forestry, 2021) Soylu, Soner; Kara, Merve; Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Sener; Soylu, Emine Mine
In this study, biocontrol efficiency of endophytic bacterial isolates obtained from the leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) healthy plants was investigated against white mould disease agent Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in vitro and in vivo conditions. Antagonistic efficiency of endophytic bacterial isolates was determined to inhibit mycelial growth and sclerotial germination, suppress disease incidence caused by S. sclerotiorum. A total of 48 endophytic bacterial isolates were isolated from different tissues of lettuce healthy plants. Mycelial growth and germination of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum in vitro inhibited 18 bacterial isolates. Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens isolates were found to be the most efficient ones, which significantly inhibited the mycelial growth by 68.1-83.1%, germination of sclerotia by 82.7-89.6% and suppressed disease incidence by 55.7-75% caused by S. sclerotiorum. In addition, the fungal mycelium close to the inhibition zone in dual culture was denser and darker in colour. B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens isolates caused significant morphological alterations in hyphae such as hyphal shrivelling and perforation close to the inhibition zone in dual culture. Significant suppression in the mycelial growth, sclerotial germination and disease incidence caused by endophytic bacterial isolates indicate that isolates of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens could be considered as possible biocontrol agents against soil-borne fungal diseases.
Determination of Biocontrol Potentials of Endophytic Bacteria in Biological Control of Citrus Sour Rot Disease Caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii
(Univ Namik Kemal, 2022) Soylu, Soner; Kara, Merve; Soylu, Emine Mine; Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Sener
Citrus fruits are susceptible to postharvest decays caused by various pathogenic fungal disease agents. Citrus sour rot, caused by Geotrichum cirri-aurantii is one of the most important postharvest diseases of citrus fruits Although synthetic fungicides are commonly used to combat the disease, ineffectiveness of these applications as well as their harmful effects on human health and the environment have been reported in many studies recently. Biological control of postharvest diseases utilizing antagonistic bacteria has been explored in different host plant-pathogen interactions as a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides. In this study, biocontrol potentials of endophytic bacterial isolates, obtained from fruits, branch and leaves of healthy citrus trees, were investigated against Geotrichum citri-aurantii on petri plates (in vitro) and fruit tests (semi in vivo conditions). Among the 24 putative endophytic bacterial isolates isolated, sixteen different antagonist bacterial isolates were selected and assessed against mycelial growth inhibition of G. citri-aurantii in vitro studies. Among the bacterial isolates tested, Bacillus spp. isolates significantly inhibited mycelial growth of fungal agent by 59.5-78.6%. The highest mycelial growth inhibition was caused by B. subtilis CM8 (78.6%). Bacterial isolates of Acinetobacter johnsonii CT7, Erwinia herbicola CM5, Pseudomonas putida CL2, Pantoea agglomerans CM14, Acinetobacter lwoffii CP1 and Stenofrophomonas maltophilia CP3 failed to inhibit mycelial growth in dual culture assays. Antagonistic activities of bacterial isolates increased by the pre-incubation time before fungal inoculation. Bacterial isolates of Bacillus spp. caused considerably morphological changes such as vacuolation, shrivelling, swelling and lysis of hyphae close to inhibition zone. On artificially inoculated fruits, isolates of Bacillus spp. also found to suppressed disease incidence significantly by 56.7-83.3%. Due to strong antagonistic activities, isolates of Bacillus spp, tested in this study have the potential to be used as biofungicide for controlling post-harvest disease agent(s) of citrus fruits.
Determination of Fungal and Bacterial Disease Agents on Significant Brassicaceous Vegetable Species Grown in Hatay Province
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2024) Soylu, Soner; Kara, Merve; Uysal, Aysun; Gumus, Yusuf; Soylu, Emine Mine; Kurt, Sener; Uremis, Ilhan
The Brassicaceae family, commonly known as the Cruciferae or mustard family, encompasses plant species of global economic significance, including oilseed crops, vegetables, as well as condiment purposes. Hatay is one of the most important provinces in Turkey where Brassicaceous vegetable crops are grown. This study aimed to identify the causative disease agents affecting Brassicaceous vegetables including cabbage (red and white varieties), broccoli, cauliflower, garden cress, rocket, and radish in the districts of Hatay Province where vegetable cultivation took place during the 2020-2021 growing seasons. Isolations from suspicious cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and radish plants exhibiting disease symptoms in the surveyed areas revealed the presence of various fungal disease agents, including Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium exquisite, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, , and Stemphylum sp. Furthermore, obligate oomycete pathogens such as Albugo lepidii, Albugo candida, , and Perofascia lepidii were detected with varying prevalence and incidence rates on leaves and stems of water cress, rocket, and radish plants. In addition to fungal pathogens, primary bacterial pathogens, including Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, , Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, , Pectobacterium parmentieri, Pseudomonas corrugata, , and Pseudomonas victoria, , were identified through morphological, biochemical, and pathogenicity tests, and MALDI-TOF analyses. Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas marginalis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Enterobacter cloacae, and Bacillus pumilus were also identified as opportunistic soft rot bacterial pathogens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. solani, F. oxysporum, F. exquisite, A. alternata, B. cinerea, Stemphylum sp., as fungal disease agents; P. parmentieri, P. corrugata, and P. victoria as primary soft rot bacterial disease agents; P. agglomerans, P. marginalis, P. fluorescens, E. cloacae, and B. pumilus as opportunistic secondary soft rot bacterial disease agents affecting different minor vegetables belong to Brassica spp, such as cabbage (red and white varieties), broccoli, cauliflower, radish, rocket, and garden cress, grown in Turkey.
Determination of Fungal and Bacterial Diseases Agents Encountered in Carrot Growing Fields in Amik Plain of Turkey
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Soylu, Soner; Kara, Merve; Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Sener; Soylu, Emine Mine; Uremis, Ilhan; Sertkaya, Erdal
Carrot [Daucus carota L.] is one of the most consumed healthy vegetables worldwide due to its vitamins, amino acids and high nutritional content. Fungal and bacterial disease agents, encountered in the fields where carrots are grown in the Amik Plain of Hatay province, were determined during 2018-2019 growing season. Disease surveys were carried out at three different phenological stages of the plant. Different fungal and bacterial disease agents were isolated and subsequently identified from diseased leaves, stems and fruits. In addition to the disease symptoms in the form of transverse brown dry depressions on carrot fruits, from the brown-black spots on the leaves and stems, Alternaria dauci, A. alternata, Rhizoctonia solani, R. carotae, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Geotrichum candidum, Pythium spp., Fusarium bra. equiseti, F. proliferatum and F. solani species were obtained and identified as a result of molecular and MALDI-TOF protein profile analyzes as well as their morphological features. Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe heraclei was also determined in the surveyed area. By the bacterial isolates obtained from carrot showing soft rot symptoms, major soft rot disease agents, such as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pseudomonas corrugata and opportunistic soft rot disease agents, such as P. marginalis, P. fluorescens, P. mediterranea, P. veronii, Erwinia rhapontici, E. persicina, Enterobacter cloacae, Lelliottia amnigena, Rahnella aquatilis, Pantoea agglomerans, were identified by using MALDI-TOF analyses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in which fungal disease agent Fusarium brachygibbosum and all soft rotting bacterial disease agents were determined at species level on carrot roots growing in Turkey.
Determinations of in vitro Antagonistic Effects of Microbiomes Isolated from Vermicompost Against Major Plant Fungal Disease Agents of Vegetables
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2020) Soylu, Emine Mine; Soylu, Soner; Kara, Merve; Kurt, Sener
In this study, in vitro antagonistic potentials of bacterial microbiomes, obtained from earthworm fertiliser, vermicompost, were investigated on inhibitions of mycelial growth of major foliar and soilborne fungal disease agents Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Botrytis cinerea, Verticilium dahliae. Total of 69 putative bacterial biocontrol agent (BCA) isolates were obtained from commercial vermicompost lots. Among them, 28 bacterial isolates (49.12% of total isolates) were inhibited mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum by 1.72-75.43%, M. phaseolina by 1.67-65.83%, B. cinerea by 3.44-57.18%, V dahliae by 2.28-58.74%, respectively. Majorities of bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus spp. Certain isolates of Bacillus spp. have caused noticeable morphological changes on mycelia of S. sclerotiorum. Antagonistic potentials of bacterial isolates were found to increase by pre-incubation time prior the fungal inoculation. Due to high antagonistic properties, efficient isolates of Bacillus spp. may be used as biocontrol agent against soilborne diseases as an alternative to pesticides to promote organic and sustainable agriculture.
Distribution and characterization of Colletotrichum species associated with Citrus anthracnose in eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey
(Springer, 2022) Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Sener; Guarnaccia, Vladimiro
Citrus are economically important fruit crops produced worldwide. Anthracnose, post bloom fruit drop, and stem-end rot of fruit caused by Colletotrichum species are diseases that seriously threatens citrus production in Turkey. Surveys conducted in 2016-2017 allowed the detection of typical symptoms of anthracnose of the visited fields (126 among 203) in the citrus production area of the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. A total of 194 Colletotrichum strains were obtained from different citrus cultivars, including lemon (85), mandarin (73), orange (30), sour orange (1) and grapefruit (5) and different plant tissues (twigs (90), leaves (84) and fruits (20)). A multi-locus phylogeny was established based on four genomic loci (ITS, GAPDH, ACT, CHS-1), and the morphological characters of the isolates were determined. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis, isolates were identified as belonging to C. gloeosporioides and C. karsti. Pathogenicity trials showed that, both species were able to colonise leaves, twigs, and fruits of the susceptible cultivar Interdonato of Citrus limon. Symptoms that developed on inoculated tissues were similar to those observed in the field on naturally infected citrus plants. Pathogenicity trials showed that C. gloeosporioides was more virulent on twigs and leaves, and C. karsti on fruits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study on identification and characterization of C. gloeosporioides and C. karsti associated with citrus anthracnose in Turkey.
First report of bacterial shallow bark canker of walnut (Juglans regia) caused by Brenneria nigrifluens in Turkey
(Springer, 2021) Soylu, Soner; Kara, Merve; Bozkurt, Imam Adem; Soylu, Emine Mine; Kurt, Sener; Uysal, Aysun
[Abstract Not Available]
First report of Colletotrichum karstii causing anthracnose on citrus in the Mediterranean region of Turkey
(Springer, 2019) Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Sener
[Abstract Not Available]
First report of Colletotrichum siamense causing anthracnose on banana fruits in Turkey
(Springer, 2020) Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Sener
[Abstract Not Available]
First report of Diaporthe ambigua causing canker and dieback on pistachio trees in Turkey
(Springer, 2022) Sakci, Nedim; Kurt, Sener
[Abstract Not Available]
First report of Diplodia seriata causing canker and dieback on hawthorn trees in Turkey
(Springer, 2022) Kurt, Sener; Uysal, Aysun; Soylu, Emine Mine; Kara, Merve; Soylu, Soner
[Abstract Not Available]
First report of fruit and leaf anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum karstii on avocado in Turkey
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Sener
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is one of the most popular deciduous fruit crops grown in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Colletotrichum spp., causal agents of anthracnose, are the species commonly associated with fruit and leaf symptoms on avocado in Turkey and all over the world. Since early 2016, necrotic symptoms were detected on avocado trees grown in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Fungal isolates obtained from the systematic tissues were examined based on mycelial growth rate, colony colour, conidial shapes and dimensions. Morphological characteristics of the representative isolates AC1 and AC2 of Colletotrichum were similar to those described for C. karstii and the isolates were tentatively identified as Colletotrichum spp. In view of its colonies and conidia features. Morphological data were verified by multilocus phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and ACTIN partial genes from two isolates. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating healthy fruit and leaves with a spore suspension of C. karstii. Unlike the species previously recorded in Turkey, this fungus was first reported as avocado anthracnose pathogen with this study.
First report of Neofusicoccum parvum causing branch dieback on Juglans regia in Turkey
(Springer, 2021) Kara, Merve; Soylu, Emine Mine; Soylu, Soner; Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Sener
[Abstract Not Available]
First report of powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe sedi on Kalanchoe blossfeldiana in Turkey
(Springer, 2021) Soylu, Soner; Kurt, Sener; Kara, Merve; Uysal, Aysun; Soylu, Emine Mine; Choi, In-Young
[Abstract Not Available]
First report of powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii on okra in Turkiye
(Springer, 2023) Soylu, Soner; Kara, Merve; Soylu, Emine Mine; Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Sener
[Abstract Not Available]
Genetic and pathogenic characterization of Verticillium dahliae isolates from eggplant in Turkey
(Springer, 2009) Dervis, Sibel; Yetisir, Halit; Yildirim, Hatice; Tok, Fatih M.; Kurt, Sener; Karaca, Fatih
During 2005 to 2007, eggplant fields in 19 provinces from three different regions (western, southern and southeastern Anatolia regions) of Turkey were surveyed for Verticillium wilt. Sixty-seven isolates of Verticillium dahliae from wilted eggplants were collected and used for vegetative compatibility analysis using nitrate non-utilizing mutants and reference tester strains of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) 1A, 2A, 2B, 3, 4A and 4B. Among all isolates, 33 (12 from western, 15 from southern and six from southeastern Anatolia) were assigned to VCG2B, 23 (four from western, eight from southern and 11 from southeastern Anatolia) to VCG2A, six (four from southern, one from western, and one from southeastern Anatolia) to VCG4B and five (one from western, one from southern and three from southeastern Anatolia) to VCG1A, whereas VCG3 and VCG4A were not defined among isolates. In order to test if there is a correlation between VCG and pathogenicity in V. dahliae, pathogenicity of 30 isolates, representing the four multimember VCGs, were tested on Solanum melongena cvs. 'Kemer' and 'AydA +/- n SiyahA +/-' in an unheated greenhouse. All isolates were found to be pathogenic on both cultivars and there was no difference in susceptibility between the two cultivars. VCG4B isolates collectively led to higher vascular discoloration index (VDI) on both cultivars and higher disease severity index (DSI) on 'Kemer' compared with other VCGs. Similarly, VCG1A caused lower VDI on both cultivars and lower DSI on 'Kemer'. Isolates within each of VCGs 1A, 2A and 4B caused similar VDI on both cultivars. Isolates of VCG2B were found to vary in their VDI values on both cultivars. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report of natural infections of eggplant by VCG1A.
Genetic diversity and mating-type frequency of Exserohilum turcicum in Turkey
(Wiley, 2021) Turgay, Emine Burcu; Celik Oguz, Arzu; olmez, Fatih; Tunali, Berna; Kurt, Sener; Akcali, Efkan; Baran, Behzat
Northern corn leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum is one of the most significant diseases in maize-growing fields, resulting in yield reduction worldwide. Genetic diversity and mating-type of E. turcicum were determined using isolates collected from 7 important maize cultivation provinces in 4 different geographic regions of Turkey during 2014-2015. Multilocus haplotypes of E. turcicum isolates were characterized using 13 simple sequence repeats (SSR) primer pairs, which were amplified in PCR multiplex reactions. The evaluation of mating-type ratio generated from the E. turcicum population was by chi(2) significance test. MAT-1 and MAT-2 mating-type were shown in the population; however, the chi(2) significance test did not support the sexual reproduction hypothesis in any region. The E. turcicum population was found to produce predominantly asexual reproduction in Turkey. Numerous E. turcicum isolates showed very high genetic similarity and did not show a distinct cluster dependent on region or mating-type on a dendrogram of genetic diversity. This result showed that one-hundred per cent similarity in most of the collected isolates from different regions might also support long-distance migration.