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Öğe Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils Against Citrus Black Rot Disease Agent Alternaria alternata(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Soylu, E. Mine; Kose, FatihAntifungal effects of plant essential oils (Origanum onites L., Thymbra spicata L., Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. stoechas L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill. and Laurus nobilis L.) were investigated in vitro conditions against post-harvest fungal pathogen of Citrus, Alternaria alternata. O. onites and T. spicata essential oils exhibited the strongest antifungal activity against A. alternata by inhibiting completely mycelial growth of A.alternata at 20.0 and 80.0 mu g ml(-1) concentrations, respectively. Conidial germination and germ tube elongation of the pathogen was also completely inhibited by O. onites, T. spicata and F. vulgare essential oils used at the minimum concentrations of 10.0 mu g ml(-1). Light and scanning electron microscopic observations on fungal structures, exposed to volatile phase of themost efficient essential oils, revealed considerable structural deformations such as cytoplasmic coagulation, vacuolations and protoplast leakage. The plant essential oils showing potent fungitoxic efficacies may be recommended as a plant-based preservative in the management of fungal infestation of fruits and vegetables during storage.Öğe Antifungal Efficacies of Plant Essential Oils and Main Constituents Against Soil-Borne Fungal Disease Agents of Bean(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2014) Turkolmez, Sahimerdan; Soylu, E. MineIn this study, in vitro antifungal efficacies of essential oils (EO's) obtained from taxonomically different medicinal plants such as oregano (Origanum syriacum L), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), naturally growing in the different regions of Hatay province, and their major constituents (carvacrol, trans-anethole and 1,8-cineole) were investigated against soil-borne fungal disease agents of bean plants such as Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Inhibitory effects of volatile and contact phases of different concentrations of the essential oils used were determined on fungal hyphae. While contact phases of O. syriacum and F. vulgare EO's completely inhibited mycelial growth of fungal pathogens at 160 to 320 mu g/ml concentrations, L. nobilis EO, however, completely inhibited mycelial growth at relatively higher concentrations (1440 to 2880 mu g/ml). In comparison, volatile phases of all EO have completely inhibited mycelial growth at relatively lower concentrations (20 to 200 mu g/ml). Major components of O. syriacum, and F. vulgare EO's, carvacrol and trans- anethole respectively, also completely inhibited mycelial growth at 130 to 440 mu g/ml concentrations. Major component of L. nobilis EO, 1,8-cineole, was, however, able to show antifungal activity against only M. phaseolina at the highest concentration (3000 mu g/ml). Antimicrobial activities shown by EO's and their major constituents against fungal disease agents revealed their potential to be used as a new alternative control measures against fungal diseases of economically important plant.Öğe Characterization and pathogenicity of Fusarium solani associated with dry root rot of citrus in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey(Springer Japan Kk, 2020) Kurt, Sener; Uysal, Aysun; Soylu, E. Mine; Kara, Merve; Soylu, SonerFusarium dry root rot is one of the most dangerous diseases of citrus in Turkey. Since December 2015, a devastating decline has caused light purple, vascular discolorations, and dry decay of fibrous roots in some citrus orchards. Cream-colored colonies produced ovoid, ellipsoid or reniform, 1-2-celled microconidia. Macroconidia were 3-5 septate, hyaline, straight, or slightly curved. Chlamydospores were produced from mycelium in intercalary or terminal chains. The fungus was identified as Fusarium solani by sequencing of the ITS and tef-1 alpha nucleotides, pathogenicity assay and MALDI-TOF MS. In pathogenicity tests on 'Okitsu', 20 isolates of Fusarium spp. caused typical root rot.Öğe Determination of the Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Wood Vinegar (Pyroligneous Acid) Against the Onion Bulb Rot Disease Caused by Fusarium proliferatum(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Kara, Merve; Soylu, Soner; Soylu, E. Mine; Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Şener; Türkmen, MusaWood vinegar, also known as pyroligneous acid (PA), is a liquid mixture with organic properties that results from the condensation of smoke produced by the charring or pyrolysis of wood and its residues during processing. The aims of this study were to determine the chemical composition and antifungal activity of three different PAs obtained from the pyrolysis of apricot kernels (AKPA), hazelnut shells (HSPA), and kermes oak (OPA) against Fusarium proliferatum. As a result of GC-MS analysis, o?guaiacol (18.98–26.18%), creosol (11.08–16.38%), syringol (6.35–8.67%), p?ethylguaiacol (5.53–10.04%), o?creosol (4.0–10.33%) and phenol (2.34–7.90%) were identified as the main constituents of the tested PAs. AKPA was the most effective PA among the tested treatments, with MIC values of 3.5?µl ml?1 for mycelial growth and 1.0?µl ml?1 for conidial germination. Of the treatments tested under in vivo conditions, AKPA completely inhibited disease incidence at a concentration of 7.5?µl g?1 soil. HSPA and OPA, on the other hand, significantly suppressed disease incidence at concentrations of 10.0?µl g?1and 12.5?µl g?1 soil, respectively. All PA samples with MIC values caused significant deterioration of the morphological structures of the fungal hyphae. Since PAs showed promising antifungal activities against F. proliferatum both in vitro and in vivo, they could be used as a cost-effective natural product as an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, part of Springer Nature.Öğe Identification and Pathogenicity of Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae, the Agent of Canker and Dieback in Almonds and In Vitro Activities of Some Fungicides(Centenary University, 2022) Sakçi, Nedim; Kurt, Şener; Uysal, Aysun; Soylu, E. Mine; Kara, Merve; Soylu, SonerThe objective of the present study is to identify the causal agents associated with cancer and dieback symptoms in almond production areas in Batman's Binatlı village, to determine the pathogenicity of the causal agent, and to determine the efficacy of some fungicides on the pathogen in vitro. As a result of the morphological and molecular characterization of fungal isolates obtained from diseased plant tissues, the fungus was identified as Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae. In the pathogenicity test of 5 isolates of N. novaehollandiae on almond seedlings cv Ferragnes, AlNnov79 was determined as the most virulent isolate. As a result of the efficacy trial of five different fungicides on N. novaehollandiae isolate AlNov79, highly effective fungicides were determined as fluazinam (EC50;0.002 µl ml-1), thiophanate–methyl (EC50;0.3 µl ml-1), tebuconazole (EC50;0.4 µl ml-1), boscalid + pyraclostrobin (EC50;2.2 µl ml-1). Trifloxystrobin (EC50;19.5 µl ml-1) was found as the lowest effective fungicide. © 2022, Centenary University. All rights reserved.Öğe Identification of microorganism species in leafy vegetables using maldi-tof ms (Matrix assisted laser desorption / ionization mass spectrometry) technique(Centenary University, 2019) Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, Şener; Soylu, Soner; Soylu, E. Mine; Kara, MerveThe foodborne fungal and bacterial pathogens are increasingly associated with fresh fruit and vegetables. Bacterial colonization of fresh produce plants can occur to high levels on the external tissue but bacteria are detected within plant tissue. Leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, cabbage, rocket, mint, parsley, dill, and leek were collected from different vegetable markets in the counties of Defne and Antakya of Hatay province. Growing media potato dextrose agar, nutrient agar and blood agar media were used for microbiological analysis. Their identification were performed based on phenotypic characters and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique. According to the results of MALDI-TOF MS analysis, when the distribution of microorganisms was examined, the most common bacterial species were identified with 60 species at the species level, followed by 4 fungi and 1 yeast. The most common microorganism species were obtained from lettuce samples. When the distribution of species level is examined; firstly, 9 species with Pseudomonas, 5 species with Lactobacillus, 4 species with Acinetobacter and 2 species with Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Lysinibacillus were obtained and Pantoea one species Bacillus, one species Escherichia coli, one species followed by Exiguobacterium genera. When the colony density of microorganism species was examined, the most intensive colony was determined in the species belonging to the genus Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. At least colony density was observed in fungi. In result, Salmonella sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella oxytoca species were found to be very dangerous species for human health. © 2019, Centenary University. All rights reserved.Öğe Inactivation of Penicillum expansum in sour cherry juice, peach and apricot nectars by pulsed electric fields(Academic Press Ltd Elsevier Science Ltd, 2008) Evrendilek, Gulsun Akdemir; Tok, Fatih M.; Soylu, E. Mine; Soylu, SonerInhibitory effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on Penicillum expansum inoculated into sour cherry juice, apricot and peach nectars were determined based on germination tube elongation, spore germination and light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations in this study. After inoculation of rate, juice/nectar samples with P. expansum spores at the level of 10(5)-10(6) cfu/mL, the samples were processed by bench scale PEF pulse generator as a function of differing electric field strengths (0, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 30 and 34 kV/cm) and processing times (0, 62, 94, 123, 163, 198 and 218 mu s). Results revealed that with an increase in electric field strength and processing time, germination tube elongation and spore germination rate were completely inhibited. Light and SEM observations revealed considerable morphological alterations in fungal conidia such as cytoplasmic coagulation, vacuolations, shrinkage and protoplast leakage. PEF processing of juice/nectars was demonstrated to be effective in inactivating P. expansurn. To our knowledge, this is the first study confirming the inhibitory effects of PEF on germination tube elongation and spore germination rate of P. expansum in fruit juice/nectars. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Isolation, Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Rubbery Rot Disease Disease Agent Geotrichum candidum on Potato Tubers Grown in Konya Province(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2021) Soylu, Soner; Kara, Merve; Toketti, Osman; Soylu, E. Mine; Uysal, Aysun; Kurt, SenerPotato is the one of the most consumed vegetable in Turkey. During field surveys in June of 2019, new disease symptoms on potato tubers, displaying a water-soaked soft rubbery rot with a sour, fermented smell, and white mycelial growth, were observed in commercial fields in Cumra district of Konya, Turkey. Diseased tubers were collected and small tissue pieces from surface disinfected symptomatic tuber were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 degrees C. Fast growing, flat, white to cream, dry and finely suede-like with no reverse pigmented fungal colonies were subsequently developed from infected tissues. Hyphae were hyaline, dichotomously branched and septate, producing aerial chains of hyaline, smooth, one-celled, cylindrical arthroconidia. Cultural and morphological characters were consistent with Geotrichum candidum. All artificially inoculated tubers displayed the same symptoms as seen for naturally infected tubers and the fungus having same morphological characters was re-isolated from inoculated tubers. Morphological identification of disease agent was confirmed molecularly based on protein profiling by using MALDI-TOF MS and also by sequencing amplified Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region ((ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS4). The sequence was 99% identical and a representative sequence of isolate was submitted to GenBank. The presence of potato rubbery rot disease caused by G. candidum has not been previously reported in Turkey. This is the first report of morphological and molecular characterization of G. candidum causal disease agent of rubber rot on potato tubers grown in Turkey.Öğe Pathogenic races and inoculum density of fusarium oxysporum f.sp niveum in commercial watermelon fields in southern Turkey(Priel Publ, 2008) Kurt, Sener; Dervis, Sibel; Soylu, E. Mine; Tok, F. Mehmet; Yetisir, Halit; Soylu, SonerSystematic surveys for Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum (Fon) were conducted in a total of 141 fields in the watermelon-growing areas of the Mediterranean and southeastern Anatolia regions of Turkey in 2004 and 2005. The mean incidence and prevalence of the disease were higher in the southeastern Anatolia region than in the Mediterranean region. Maximum disease incidence during the 2-year survey was 46.3%. However, mean disease prevalence ranged from 27.3% to 63.6% in southern Turkey. Of the 33 isolates of Fon recovered, 19 were recovered from Adana, two from Mersin, one from Gaziantep, four from Sanhurfa, five from Adiyaman, one from Batman, one from Diyarbalur. The physiological race of each isolate was determined by the disease reaction in five differential watermelon cultivars (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai). Of the isolates recovered from the Mediterranean region, 47.6% were identified as race 0, 38.1% as race 1, and 14.3% as race 2. Among the 12 isolates recovered from the southeastern Anatolia region, four isolates were identified as race 0, and eight isolates as race 1. Race 2 was not detected in this region. This is the first report of Fon races 0 and 1 in southeastern Anatolia. The population density of Fon in both the Mediterranean and southeastern Anatolia regions ranged from 116.1 to 4444.7 CFU g(-1) of soil. The mean inoculum density was much higher in watermelon-growing areas in the southeastern Anatolia region in comparison with the Mediterranean region, with a mean inoculum density of 1547.2 CFU g(-1). Race 0 and race 1 were the most prevalent races in the fields with the mean highest and lowest inoculum density, respectively.Öğe Vegetative compatibility groups in Verticillium dahliae isolates from olive in western Turkey(Springer, 2007) Dervis, Sibel; Erten, Latife; Soylu, Soner; Tok, Fatih M.; Kurt, Sener; Yildiz, Mehmet; Soylu, E. MineVerticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is the most serious disease in olive cultivation areas in western Turkey. Two hundred and eight isolates of V. dahliae from olive (Olea europea var. sativa) trees were taken for vegetative compatibility analysis using nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants. One isolate did not produce a nit mutant. Nit mutants of 207 isolates were tested against tester strains of internationally known vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) 1A, 2A, 2B, 3, 4A and 4B, and also paired in many combinations among themselves. One hundred and eighty nine of the isolates (90.9%) were strongly compatible with T9, the tester strain of VCG1A, and thus were assigned to VCG1A. Eight isolates were assigned to VCG2A and four isolates to VCG4B. One isolate was heterokaryon self-incompatible (HSI) and five isolates could not be grouped to any of the VCGs tested. Pathogenicity assays were conducted on a susceptible olive cultivar (O. europea cv. Manzanilla) and a susceptible local cotton cultivar (Gossypium hirsutum cv. Cukurova 1518). Both cotton and olive inoculated with all VCG1A isolates showed defoliating symptoms in greenhouse tests. This is the first report on VCGs in V. dahliae from olive trees in Turkey which demonstrates that VCG1A of the cotton-defoliating type is the most commonly detected form from olive plants in the western part of Turkey.Öğe Vegetative compatibility groups of Verticillium dahliae from cotton in the southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey(Springer, 2008) Dervis, Sibel; Kurt, Sener; Soylu, Soner; Erten, Latife; Soylu, E. Mine; Yildiz, Mehmet; Tok, Fatih M.Eighty isolates of Verticillium dahliae from the southeastern Anatolia region and 20 isolates from the east Mediterranean region from wilted cotton plants were used for vegetative compatibility analysis employing nitrate non-utilizing mutants and reference tester strains of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) 1A, 2A, 2B, 3, 4A and 4B. Of the 100 V dahliae isolates, 49 were assigned to VCG1A, 39 to VCG2B, nine to VCG2A and three to VCG4B. Pathogenicity assays were conducted on susceptible cotton cv. Cukurova 1518 in the greenhouse. All VCG1A isolates induced defoliation and all VCG2B isolates caused partial defoliation symptoms. Isolates of VCG2A and VCG4B caused typical symptoms of leaf chlorosis without defoliation. This is the first report on VCGs of V. dahliae in the southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey, which demonstrates that VCG1A of the cotton-defoliating type and VCG2B of the partially defoliating type are prevalent in this region.
