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    Identification of genotypically mixed Cryptosporidium parvum populations in humans and calves
    (Elsevier, 2003) Tanriverdi, S; Arslan, MÖ; Akiyoshi, DE; Tzipori, S; Widmer, G
    Genotypic analyses of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts have divided the species into two genotypes, referred to as type I and type 2. Although humans are Susceptible to both types, mixed type 1/type 2 infections have rarely been identified. The paucity of mixed infections could be explained by the predominance of one type over the other in mixed infections, or by the poor sensitivity of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses for detecting subpopulations. Using a type-specific real-time PCR assay capable of detecting type I or type 2 constituting as little as 0.01% of the population, archived and new isolates of human, bovine, and mouse origin were genotyped. Mixed type 1/type 2 infections were identified in humans and calves, including in samples previously found to be homogeneous by RFLP. Isopycnic fractionation of mixed isolates revealed that type I and type 2 oocysts differ in their sedimentation properties. The detection of a type I subpopulation in serially-propagated bovine isolates indicates that type I and type 2 are stably maintained during long-term passage. Together with recently reported experimental bovine and ovine type I infections, the persistence of type I subpopulation in experimentally infected animals Suggests that animals may play a previously unrecognized role in the maintenance of C. parvum type I. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Investigation of waterborne parasites in drinking water sources of Ankara, Turkey
    (Microbiological Society Korea, 2003) Bakir, B; Tanyuksel, M; Saylam, F; Tanriverdi, S; Araz, RE; Hacim, AK; Hasde, M
    Waterborne parasite infections are considered a re-emerging threat. Most studies on the epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and amebiasis have been carried out in developed countries, and there is little data on the occurrence of these infections in other areas. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of waterborne parasites such as Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica in various water samples in Ankara, Turkey. A total of 85 samples were examined, 43 from the municipal water supply, 34 from wells, 6 from the Ankara River, and 2 from two untreated dams; by conventional microscopy, immunologically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oocysts of C parvum and cysts of G. lamblia were detected by using an indirect fluorescence (antigen) assay, whereas an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the cysts of E. histolytica and E. dispar. In addition, PCR was used for E. histolytica, E. dispar, C. parvum and G. lamblia detection. G. lamblia was found in 2 of the 34 well water samples, and parasites were found in 3 of the 6 Ankara River samples. The 1(st) contained E. histolytica cysts and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae, the 2(nd) E. histolytica cysts, and Trichuris trichiura eggs, and the 3(rd) C. parvum oocysts only. No parasite was observed in the municipal water samples and untreated dam water samples. These results extend our knowledge on waterborne parasites, such occurrence information on waterborne pathogens assists the management and treatment of municipal water.