GNSS esaslı traktör otomatik dümenleme sistemlerinin ekimde ve ilaçlamada kullanım etkinliğinin belirlenmesi
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2019
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Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu çalışmada, farklı düzeltme sinyali (RTK, CORS-GSM, SBAS) ile çalışan traktör otomatik dümenleme (OD) sistemleri ve manuel (OD sistemi kullanmadan) yapılan ekim ve ilaçlama işlemlerinde yan yana paralel geçişlerdeki ortalama hata miktarının (RMSE) belirlenmesi amaçlamıştır. Ekim işleminde yan yana paralel geçişlerdeki sıra arası mesafe (SAM) hata değeri (RMSE), ilaçlamada ise yan yana paralel geçişlerdeki örtüşme ve boşluk hata değerleri (RMSE) belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, veriler doğrudan çiftçilere ait toplam 37 tarladan (pamuk, mısır, yerfıstığı) alınmış (ekim: 24, ilaçlama: 13), böylelikle OD sistemlerinin gerçek çiftçi koşullarında yarar düzeyi incelenmiştir. Ekim işlemine ilişkin yapılan veri analizi sonuçlarına göre, manuel ekim yöntemindeki SAM hata (RMSE) değerlerinin OD ile yapılan toprak sırtı oluşturma ve / veya ekimdekine göre istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Farklı düzeltme sinyali ile çalışan OD sistemlerinin kendi arasındaki farkın ise düşük düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir (CORS-GSM: 5.0 ± 2.52 cm, SBAS: 5.9 ± 3.98 cm, RTK: 6.7 ± 1.36 cm, Manuel: 7.4 ± 1.40 cm). OD ile toprak sırtı oluşturulan ve / veya ekilen tarlalarda genel olarak sıra sayılarının tam olduğu ancak yan yana paralel geçişlerdeki SAM'lerin dar olduğu birkaç tarlada eksik sıra olduğu görülmüştür. Ekim işleminin manuel olarak yapıldığı bazı tarlalarda ise eksik veya fazla sıra olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İlaçlama işlemine ait veri analizine göre, manuel ilaçlama yöntemindeki hata (RMSE) değerlerinin OD ile yapılan ilaçlama işlemindekilere göre istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Ayrıca, farklı düzeltme sinyali kullanan OD sistemleri arasındaki ortalama hata (RMSE) farkının da önemli düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür (p<0.05) (RTK: 7.5 ± 1.72 cm, CORS-GSM: 46.1 ± 6.50 cm ve SBAS: 76.5 ± 13.91 cm, Manuel: 100.8 ± 27.83 cm). Sonuç olarak, OD sistemlerinin, manuel yönteme göre hem ekimde hem de ilaçlamada yan yana paralel geçişlerdeki hatanın azaltılması bakımından yarar sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, çiftçilerin çoğunluğunun sadece toprak işlemede (sırt oluşturma) OD kullandığı, ekim ve ilaçlamada OD kullanmadığı ve OD ile oluşturulan sırtları veya işaretleme bayraklarını esas aldıkları belirlenmiştir. Çiftçilerin OD sistemlerini toprak işleme (sırt oluşturma) haricinde ekim ve ilaçlamada da kullanmalarının bu yararı artırabileceği görülmüştür. Ancak, elde edilen bu yararın çiftçiden çiftçiye değişebildiği, çiftçilerin OD sistemlerini uygun ekipman ayarlarıyla ve özenli bir şekilde kullanmaları gerektiği kanısına varılmıştır.
In this study, it was aimed to determine the pass-to-pass mean error (RMSE) in sowing and spraying using tractor automatic steering (AS) with different signal correction sources (RTK, CORS-GSM, SBAS) and without AS system (manuel). Mean pass-to-pass inter-row crop spacing (IRCS) errors (RMSE) in sowing and the mean overlap and spacing errors (RMSE) in spraying were determined and analyzed. In the study, the data were obtained directly from a total of 37 cotton, corn and peanut fields (sowing: 24, spraying: 13) belonging to different farmers in order to determine the performance level of AS systems in real farmer conditions. In addition to the differences between AS systems with different correction signal sources, variations between the fields were also examined. According to the results of the data analysis in sowing, it was determined that the mean IRCS error (RMSE) values in the manual sowing were statistically higher than the AS-based soil ridge tillage and / or sowing (p<0.05). It was also found that the difference between AS systems with different correction signals was low (CORS-GSM: 5.0 ± 2.52 cm, SBAS: 5.9 ± 3.98 cm, RTK: 6.7 ± 1.36 cm, Manual: 7.4 ± 1.40 cm). In the fields where both soil ridge tillage and / or sowing were carried out by AS, in general, the numbers of crop rows were complete, but the numbers of crop rows were lower in some fields where the mean row spacing were narrower than the desired value. In the fields where the sowing process was carried out manually, it was determined that some fields had missing or extra crop rows. Regarding the data analysis in spraying, the mean overlap and space errors (RMSE) in the manual spraying (without AS) were found to be significantly higher than those using the AS (p<0.05). Also, the mean error (RMSE) differences between AS systems with different correction signal was also significant (p<0.05) (RTK: 7.5 ± 1.72 cm, CORS-GSM: 46.1 ± 6.50 cm, SBAS: 76.5 ± 13.91 cm, Manual: 100.8 ± 27.83 cm). In conclusion, it was found that AS systems are beneficial in reducing the mean pass-to pass errors (RMSE) in both sowing and spraying as compared to the manual method. However, it was determined that most of the farmers used AS only in soil ridge tillage, but made the sowing and spraying without using AS by referencing marking flags and/ or soil ridges which were formed using AS. It was also observed that the use of AS systems not only in tillage for ridge forming but also in sowing and spraying reduced the errors and increase the benefit of AS usage. Finally, it was found that the level of benefit from AS could change from farmer to farmer; thus, farmers should use the AS systems carefully with appropriate equipment settings to obtain a higher level of benefits.
In this study, it was aimed to determine the pass-to-pass mean error (RMSE) in sowing and spraying using tractor automatic steering (AS) with different signal correction sources (RTK, CORS-GSM, SBAS) and without AS system (manuel). Mean pass-to-pass inter-row crop spacing (IRCS) errors (RMSE) in sowing and the mean overlap and spacing errors (RMSE) in spraying were determined and analyzed. In the study, the data were obtained directly from a total of 37 cotton, corn and peanut fields (sowing: 24, spraying: 13) belonging to different farmers in order to determine the performance level of AS systems in real farmer conditions. In addition to the differences between AS systems with different correction signal sources, variations between the fields were also examined. According to the results of the data analysis in sowing, it was determined that the mean IRCS error (RMSE) values in the manual sowing were statistically higher than the AS-based soil ridge tillage and / or sowing (p<0.05). It was also found that the difference between AS systems with different correction signals was low (CORS-GSM: 5.0 ± 2.52 cm, SBAS: 5.9 ± 3.98 cm, RTK: 6.7 ± 1.36 cm, Manual: 7.4 ± 1.40 cm). In the fields where both soil ridge tillage and / or sowing were carried out by AS, in general, the numbers of crop rows were complete, but the numbers of crop rows were lower in some fields where the mean row spacing were narrower than the desired value. In the fields where the sowing process was carried out manually, it was determined that some fields had missing or extra crop rows. Regarding the data analysis in spraying, the mean overlap and space errors (RMSE) in the manual spraying (without AS) were found to be significantly higher than those using the AS (p<0.05). Also, the mean error (RMSE) differences between AS systems with different correction signal was also significant (p<0.05) (RTK: 7.5 ± 1.72 cm, CORS-GSM: 46.1 ± 6.50 cm, SBAS: 76.5 ± 13.91 cm, Manual: 100.8 ± 27.83 cm). In conclusion, it was found that AS systems are beneficial in reducing the mean pass-to pass errors (RMSE) in both sowing and spraying as compared to the manual method. However, it was determined that most of the farmers used AS only in soil ridge tillage, but made the sowing and spraying without using AS by referencing marking flags and/ or soil ridges which were formed using AS. It was also observed that the use of AS systems not only in tillage for ridge forming but also in sowing and spraying reduced the errors and increase the benefit of AS usage. Finally, it was found that the level of benefit from AS could change from farmer to farmer; thus, farmers should use the AS systems carefully with appropriate equipment settings to obtain a higher level of benefits.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ziraat, Agriculture
