Hatay yöresi bal arılarında (Apis mellifera l., 1758) nosemosisin yaygınlığı
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Tarih
2020
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Yayıncı
Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Nosemosis, Nosema apis (Zander 1909) ve Nosema ceranae (Fries ve ark. 1996) microsporidia türlerinin neden olduğu ergin bal arılarının sindirim sistemini etkileyen son derece tehlikeli ve bulaşıcı bir bal arısı hastalığıdır. Hastalık, Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de zaman zaman önemli arı kayıplarına neden olan en yaygın arı hastalıklarından birisidir. Erişkin arılar besin paylaşımı veya kovan temizliği esnasında sporlarla temas ettiklerinde, kontamine su, bal, polen, arıcılık malzemesi ile hastalığa yakalanırlar. Çalışmamızda Hatay yöresi bal arılarında mikroskobi ve moleküler (Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR)) yöntemler kullanılarak nosemosisin yaygınlığını belirlemek, işletme şartlarının ve arıcıların tutum ve davranışlarının hastalığın varlığı üzerindeki etkilerini anket çalışması ile araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, 2019 Mart-Mayıs ayları arasında Hatay yöresinin 6 ilçesindeki 75 arıcılık işletmesinde 450 kovandan yetişkin arı örnekleri toplandı. Ayrıca arıcılara anket uygulaması yapıldı. Çalışma boyunca her işletmeyi temsilen 6 kovandan 100 adet örnek olmak üzere toplamda 7500 arı örneği incelendi. Laboratuvara getirilen örnekler hazırlandıktan sonra Nosema spp. sporları yönünden mikroskopta incelendi. Daha sonra pozitif örneklerde Nosema spp. etkenlerini tür düzeyinde tespit etmek için multipleks PZR yöntemi uygulandı. Mikroskobik inceleme sonuçlarına göre ilçelerdeki işletmelerde Nosema spp. enfeksiyonu; Samandağ %75, Dörtyol %56, Yayladağı %50, Antakya %29, Kırıkhan %20 ve Arsuz %14 oranlarında tespit edildi. Bu işletmelerdeki kovanlarda enfeksiyon oranları ise, Samandağ %29, Dörtyol %22, Antakya %21, Yayladağı %17, Arsuz %7 ve Kırıkhan %7 olarak belirlendi. Moleküler inceleme sonuçlarına göre bütün numunelerde sadece N. ceranae tespit edilmiş olup N. apis türüne rastlanmadı. İşletme şartlarının ve arıcıların tutum ve davranışlarının hastalığın varlığı üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan anket çalışmasının istatistiki değerlendirmesinde, kullanılan arı ırkının ve farklı kovanlara ait malzemelerin ortak kullanımının hastalığın varlığı üzerinde etkili olduğu belirlendi (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak, Hatay yöresindeki işletmelerin %45'inde, kovanların ise %20'sinde N. ceranae enfeksiyonu tespit edilmiştir. Kafkas (Melez) arı ırklarında enfeksiyon oranı (%53,7), yerli (Hatay) arı ırklarına göre (%23,8) anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Ayrıca, farklı kovanlara ait malzemeleri ortak kullanan işletmelerdeki hastalık oranının (%50,0), ortak kullanımda bulunmayan işletmelerden (%18,2) anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0,05).
Nosemosis is an extremely dangerous and infectious honey bee disease caused by Nosema apis (Zander 1909) and Nosema ceranae (Fries et al. 1996) microsporidia species that affect the digestive system of adult honey bees. The disease is one of the most prevalent bee diseases that cause significant bee losses from time to time worldwide and in Turkey. Adult bees get disease via contaminated water, honey, pollen, beekeeping material, trophallaxis, or when they come into contact with spores while they are cleaning the hives. The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence of nosemosis by using microscopic and molecular (Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)) methods in honey bees of Hatay province, and to investigate the effects of beekeepers' attitudes and behaviors and apiary conditions on the presence of disease through questionnaire study. In the study, adult bee samples were collected from 450 hives in 75 apiaries in 6 districts of Hatay region between months March and May 2019. In addition, the questionnaire was applied to beekeepers. During the study, a total of 7500 bee samples were examined, including 100 samples from 6 hives representing each apiary. After preparing the samples brought to the laboratory, they were examined under the microscope for Nosema spp. spores. Then, in positive samples, multiplex PCR method was applied to detect Nosema spp. agents at the species level. According to the results of the microscopic examination, Nosema spp. infection rate in apiaries in the districts; Samandağ 75%, Dörtyol 56%, Yayladağı 50%, Antakya 29%, Kırıkhan 20% and Arsuz 14%. Infection rates in hives in these apiaries; Samandağ 29%, Dörtyol 22%, Antakya 21%, Yayladağı 17%, Arsuz 7% and Kırıkhan 7%. According to the molecular examination results from all investigated samples, only N. ceranae was detected, and N. apis was not detected. In the statistical evaluation of the questionnaire study that determines the effects of apiary conditions and beekeepers' attitudes and behaviors on the presence of the disease, it was determined that the variables "used bee race" and "common use of materials belonging to different hives" were statistically effective on the presence of the disease (p<0.05). As a result, the infection levels of N. ceranae in apiaries and hives in the Hatay province were determined to be rates of 45% and 20%, respectively. Infection rate in Caucasian (Hybrid) bee breeds (53.7%) was found to be significantly higher than that in native (Hatay) bee breeds (23.8%) (p<0.05). In addition, the rate of disease (50.0%) in apiaries that makes common use of materials belonging to different hives was found to be significantly higher than that in those that do not make common use (18.2%) (p<0.05).
Nosemosis is an extremely dangerous and infectious honey bee disease caused by Nosema apis (Zander 1909) and Nosema ceranae (Fries et al. 1996) microsporidia species that affect the digestive system of adult honey bees. The disease is one of the most prevalent bee diseases that cause significant bee losses from time to time worldwide and in Turkey. Adult bees get disease via contaminated water, honey, pollen, beekeeping material, trophallaxis, or when they come into contact with spores while they are cleaning the hives. The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence of nosemosis by using microscopic and molecular (Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)) methods in honey bees of Hatay province, and to investigate the effects of beekeepers' attitudes and behaviors and apiary conditions on the presence of disease through questionnaire study. In the study, adult bee samples were collected from 450 hives in 75 apiaries in 6 districts of Hatay region between months March and May 2019. In addition, the questionnaire was applied to beekeepers. During the study, a total of 7500 bee samples were examined, including 100 samples from 6 hives representing each apiary. After preparing the samples brought to the laboratory, they were examined under the microscope for Nosema spp. spores. Then, in positive samples, multiplex PCR method was applied to detect Nosema spp. agents at the species level. According to the results of the microscopic examination, Nosema spp. infection rate in apiaries in the districts; Samandağ 75%, Dörtyol 56%, Yayladağı 50%, Antakya 29%, Kırıkhan 20% and Arsuz 14%. Infection rates in hives in these apiaries; Samandağ 29%, Dörtyol 22%, Antakya 21%, Yayladağı 17%, Arsuz 7% and Kırıkhan 7%. According to the molecular examination results from all investigated samples, only N. ceranae was detected, and N. apis was not detected. In the statistical evaluation of the questionnaire study that determines the effects of apiary conditions and beekeepers' attitudes and behaviors on the presence of the disease, it was determined that the variables "used bee race" and "common use of materials belonging to different hives" were statistically effective on the presence of the disease (p<0.05). As a result, the infection levels of N. ceranae in apiaries and hives in the Hatay province were determined to be rates of 45% and 20%, respectively. Infection rate in Caucasian (Hybrid) bee breeds (53.7%) was found to be significantly higher than that in native (Hatay) bee breeds (23.8%) (p<0.05). In addition, the rate of disease (50.0%) in apiaries that makes common use of materials belonging to different hives was found to be significantly higher than that in those that do not make common use (18.2%) (p<0.05).
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Parazitoloji, Parasitology ; Veteriner Hekimliği
