Farklı kurutma sistemlerinde pazar dışı kalan karpuzların su içeriğinin düşürülmesinin ve sitrik asit katkısının silaj kalitesine etkisi
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı tarlada bırakılan veya pazarlama noktalarında satılmayan suca zengin taze karpuzların, elektrik enerjisi ile çalışan kurutma kabinleri ve solar kurutma kabinlerinde pörsütülmüş silajlık karpuzların mikrobiyolojik popülasyonu ve aflatoksin içerikleri ile silajların mikrobiyolojik popülasyonu, aflatoksin düzeyleri, ham besin madde düzeyleri ve fiziksel analizlere göre silolanma olanağının ortaya konmasıdır. Çeşme suyu ve bıçakla temizlenmiş karpuzlar 0.3-0.5 cm kalınlığında dilimlenmiştir. İşlemler sırasında dilimlenmiş karpuzların yarısına %0.4 sitrik asit katılmıştır. Bu iki dilimlenmiş pazar dışı karpuz grubu laboratuvar kurutma dolabında 60 oC' de ve solar enerji kabininde pörsütülmüştür. Pörsütülmüş karpuza %1 düzeyinde tuz katılmıştır. Bu işlemler araştırmanın deneme gruplarını oluşturmuştur. Buna göre araştırma grupları, sitrik asit katılmayan solar kabinde pörsütülen grup (0 - SP grubu), sitrik asit katılan solar kabinde pörsütülen grup (A - SP grubu), sitrik asit katılmayan kurutma dolabında pörsütülen grup (0 - KDP grubu), sitrik asit katılan kurutma dolabında pörsütülen grup (A - KDP grubu) adlarını almıştır. Karpuzlar 1 kg'lik mini balya silolarda silolanmıştır. Dilimlenmiş karpuzlarda taze, pörsütülmüş ve silaj aşamalarında mikrobiyolojik, aflatoksin, kimyasal ve fiziksel analizler yapılmıştır. Sitrik asit katılan silajlık taze karpuzlarda toplam mezafolik aerob bakteri sayısı düşmüştür. Solar sistemde pörsütülmüş sitrik asit katkılı karpuzlarda tazesine göre bakteri popülasyonu yükselmiştir (P<0.001). Toplam mezafolik aerob bakteri sayısı kurutma dolabında pörsütülmüş asit katılmış karpuzlarda katılmayanlara göre daha düşük düzeyde olduğu gözlenmiştir. Solar sistemle kurutma dolabı arasında ise istatistiksel düzeyde önemli bir fark bulunmamıştır (P>0.05). Solar sistemde pörsütülen karpuz silajında kurutma dolabındakine göre daha düşük bir bakteri popülasyonu saptanmıştır (P<0.001). Sitrik asit katılan ve katılmayan gruplar arasındaki fark istatistiksel düzeyde önemli bulunmamıştır (P>0.05). Taze karpuzlarda sitrik asit katılanla katılmayan gruplarda maya popülasyonu açısından istatistiksel bir fark saptanmamıştır (P>0.05). Solar sistemde pörsütülen karpuzlarda kurutma dolabındakilerden daha yüksek maya tespit edilmiştir (P<0.001). Silaj gruplarının tamamında maya tespit edilmemiştir. Taze silajlık karpuzlarda küf tespit edilmemiştir. Solar sistemde pörsütülen karpuzlarda kurutma dolabındakinden daha yüksek bir küf popülasyonu saptanmıştır (P<0.01). Bu yükseliş sitrik asit katılanlarda istatistiksel olarak önemsiz (P>0.05), sitrik asit katılmayanlarda ise istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Silaj gruplarının tamamında küf tespit edilmemiştir. Karpuzların taze, pörsütülmüş ve silaj formlarında aflatoksin de saptanmamıştır. Kuru madde düzeyi solar sistemde pörsütülerek yapılan karpuz silajında kurutma dolabındakinden daha düşük bulunmuştur (P<0.001). Ham kül düzeyi silaj gruplarında %8.91 ile %10.34 arasında değişmiştir. Karpuz silajlarının ham yağ düzeyinin de gruplarda %5.81 ile %6.97 arasında değiştiği saptanmıştır. Ham kül ve ham yağ düzeyi üzerine pörsütme sistemlerinin ve sitrik asit katkısının istatistiksel düzeyde bir etkisinin olmadığı söylenebilir (P>0.05). Kurutma dolabında pörsütülerek elde edilmiş olan karpuz silajının ham protein düzeyi %19.43 iken solar sistemde pörsütülerek üretilen karpuz silajının ham protein düzeyi %16.94 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kurutma sistemleri arasındaki fark ise istatistiksel olarak önemli çıkmıştır (P<0.05). Ham selüloz düzeyi ise solar sistemde pörsütülen silajlarda kurutma dolabındakinden daha yüksek bulunmuştur (P<0.001). Azotsuz öz madde düzeyi solar sistemde pörsütülen karpuz silajında kurutma dolabındakinden daha düşük çıktığı saptanmıştır. Solar sistemde pörsütülerek üretilen silajlarda enerji düzeyi ortalama 2737 kcal/kg KM ME olarak bulunurken, Kurutma dolabında pörsütülerek üretilen karpuz silajında ise ortalama 2920 kcal/kg KM ME olarak saptanmıştır.Solar sitemde pörsütülen karpuzlardan üretilen silajların pH' sı 3.79 iken, kurutma dolabımda pörsütülen karpuz püresi silajlarında ise 4.36 düzeyine çıkmıştır. Kurutma dolabında pörsütülen karpuz silajının aldığı değerlendirme puanı (DLG anahtarı) solar sistemdekinden daha yüksek çıktığı görülse de bu yükseklik istatistiksel olarak güvence altına alınmamıştır (P>0.05). Silajların flieg puanlarında da benzer bir sonuç elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; pazar dışı kalmış karpuzlardan sitrik asit katkılı veya katkısız olarak solar veya kurutma dolabında pörsütülerek kaliteli karpuz silajı üretilebileceği söylenebilir. Ancak maliyet hesaplaması yapılarak kurutma kabinleri arasında tercih yapılması önerilirse de bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgulara göre solar kurutma kabinlerinin daha avantajlı olduğu söylenebilir.
The aim of this study was to examine the microbiological population of water-rich fresh watermelons left in the field or not sold at marketing points, and silaged watermelons for silage pulverized in electric powered drying cabinets and solar drying cabinets, and the microbiological population, aflatoxin content and microbiological population of silage produced from pulverized watermelons, aflatoxin levels and raw materials. It is the possibility of siloing according to the results. The watermelons cleaned with a knife in tap water were sliced in 0.3-0.5 cm thickness. During the processing, 0.4% citric acid was added to half of the sliced watermelons. These two sliced off-market watermelon groups were shredded at 60 oC in a solar energy cabinet and a laboratory drying cabinet. 1% salt is added to the ground watermelon. These procedures formed the experimental groups of the research. According to this, research groups, acid-free solar cabinet pulverized group (0 - SP group), Acid-free solar cabinet pulverized group (A-SP group), Acid-free drying cabinet pulverized group (0 - KDP group), Acid-free solar cabinet pulverized group (A- KDP group). Watermelons were silaged in 1 kg mini bale silos, taking as samples of bale silage containers. Microbiological, aflatoxin, chemical and physical analyzes were performed on fresh, pulverized and silage stages of sliced watermelons. When citric acid was added to silage fresh watermelons, the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria decreased. Although the bacterial population in citric acid added watermelons in the solar system increased compared to fresh watermelon (P<0.001), it was observed that it was at a lower level in those who did not add acid in the drying cabinet. It has been observed that there is no statistically significant difference between the solar system and the drying cabinet (P>0.05). A lower bacterial population was detected in watermelon silage grinded in the solar system than in the drying cabinet (P<0.001). The difference between the groups with and without citric acid was not statistically significant (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the yeast population between the groups with and without citric acid in fresh watermelons (P>0.05). Higher yeast was detected in the solar system than in the drying cabinet during the pulping process of watermelons (P<0.001). Yeast was not detected in all group silages. No mold was detected on fresh silage watermelons. A higher mold population was detected in watermelons that were ground in the solar system than in the drying cabinet (P<0.01). This increase was found to be statistically insignificant in those who added citric acid (P>0.05), and statistically significant in those who did not add citric acid. Mold was not detected in all group silages. Aflatoxin was not detected in fresh, pulverized and silage forms of watermelons. Dry matter level was lower in watermelon silage made by pulverizing in solar system than in drying cabinet (P<0.001). Crude ash level varied between 8.91% and 10.34% in silage groups. It was determined that the crude oil level of watermelon silages varied between 5.81% and 6.97% in the groups. It can be said that the pulverization systems and citric acid addition do not have a statistically significant effect on the crude ash and crude oil level (P>0.05). The crude protein level of watermelon silage obtained by pulverizing in the drying cabinet was 19.43%, while the crude protein level of watermelon silage produced by pulverizing in the solar system was 16.94%. The difference between drying systems was found to be statistically significant (P<0.001). Crude fiber level, on the other hand, was found to be higher in silage pulverized in solar system and higher in watermelon silage obtained by pulverizing in a drying cabinet (P<0.001), in contrast to the crude protein. It has been determined that the nitrogen-free core material level is lower in the watermelon silage pulverized in the solar system than in the pulverized ones in the drying cabinet. While the energy level of silage produced by shredded in the solar system was found to be avarage 2737ME kcal/kg DM on average, it was determined as avarage 2920 ME kcal/kg DM in watermelon silage produced by grinding in the drying cabinet. The pH of the silage produced from the watermelons in the solar system was 3.79, while it increased to 4.36 in the watermelon puree silage in the drying cabinet. Although the score of watermelon silage in the drying cabinet was higher than that of the solar system, this height was not statistically guaranteed (P>0.05). A similar result was obtained in flieg scores of silages. As a result; It can be said that high-quality watermelon silage can be produced from off-market watermelons with or without acid additives or by pulverizing them in a drying cabinet. However, it is recommended to make a choice by calculating the cost.
The aim of this study was to examine the microbiological population of water-rich fresh watermelons left in the field or not sold at marketing points, and silaged watermelons for silage pulverized in electric powered drying cabinets and solar drying cabinets, and the microbiological population, aflatoxin content and microbiological population of silage produced from pulverized watermelons, aflatoxin levels and raw materials. It is the possibility of siloing according to the results. The watermelons cleaned with a knife in tap water were sliced in 0.3-0.5 cm thickness. During the processing, 0.4% citric acid was added to half of the sliced watermelons. These two sliced off-market watermelon groups were shredded at 60 oC in a solar energy cabinet and a laboratory drying cabinet. 1% salt is added to the ground watermelon. These procedures formed the experimental groups of the research. According to this, research groups, acid-free solar cabinet pulverized group (0 - SP group), Acid-free solar cabinet pulverized group (A-SP group), Acid-free drying cabinet pulverized group (0 - KDP group), Acid-free solar cabinet pulverized group (A- KDP group). Watermelons were silaged in 1 kg mini bale silos, taking as samples of bale silage containers. Microbiological, aflatoxin, chemical and physical analyzes were performed on fresh, pulverized and silage stages of sliced watermelons. When citric acid was added to silage fresh watermelons, the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria decreased. Although the bacterial population in citric acid added watermelons in the solar system increased compared to fresh watermelon (P<0.001), it was observed that it was at a lower level in those who did not add acid in the drying cabinet. It has been observed that there is no statistically significant difference between the solar system and the drying cabinet (P>0.05). A lower bacterial population was detected in watermelon silage grinded in the solar system than in the drying cabinet (P<0.001). The difference between the groups with and without citric acid was not statistically significant (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the yeast population between the groups with and without citric acid in fresh watermelons (P>0.05). Higher yeast was detected in the solar system than in the drying cabinet during the pulping process of watermelons (P<0.001). Yeast was not detected in all group silages. No mold was detected on fresh silage watermelons. A higher mold population was detected in watermelons that were ground in the solar system than in the drying cabinet (P<0.01). This increase was found to be statistically insignificant in those who added citric acid (P>0.05), and statistically significant in those who did not add citric acid. Mold was not detected in all group silages. Aflatoxin was not detected in fresh, pulverized and silage forms of watermelons. Dry matter level was lower in watermelon silage made by pulverizing in solar system than in drying cabinet (P<0.001). Crude ash level varied between 8.91% and 10.34% in silage groups. It was determined that the crude oil level of watermelon silages varied between 5.81% and 6.97% in the groups. It can be said that the pulverization systems and citric acid addition do not have a statistically significant effect on the crude ash and crude oil level (P>0.05). The crude protein level of watermelon silage obtained by pulverizing in the drying cabinet was 19.43%, while the crude protein level of watermelon silage produced by pulverizing in the solar system was 16.94%. The difference between drying systems was found to be statistically significant (P<0.001). Crude fiber level, on the other hand, was found to be higher in silage pulverized in solar system and higher in watermelon silage obtained by pulverizing in a drying cabinet (P<0.001), in contrast to the crude protein. It has been determined that the nitrogen-free core material level is lower in the watermelon silage pulverized in the solar system than in the pulverized ones in the drying cabinet. While the energy level of silage produced by shredded in the solar system was found to be avarage 2737ME kcal/kg DM on average, it was determined as avarage 2920 ME kcal/kg DM in watermelon silage produced by grinding in the drying cabinet. The pH of the silage produced from the watermelons in the solar system was 3.79, while it increased to 4.36 in the watermelon puree silage in the drying cabinet. Although the score of watermelon silage in the drying cabinet was higher than that of the solar system, this height was not statistically guaranteed (P>0.05). A similar result was obtained in flieg scores of silages. As a result; It can be said that high-quality watermelon silage can be produced from off-market watermelons with or without acid additives or by pulverizing them in a drying cabinet. However, it is recommended to make a choice by calculating the cost.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Veteriner Hekimliği, Veterinary Medicine
