Hatay, Amasya ve Tokat illerinde yetişen soğan bitkisinde (Allıum cepa L.) görülen alternarıa, aspergıllus, fusarıum ve penıcıllıum cinsine ait hastalık etmenlerinin morfolojik, patojenik ve moleküler karakterizasyonu
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Tarih
2021
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Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Soğan, ülkemizde olduğu kadar dünya genelinde en fazla yetiştiriciliği yapılan sebzelerden birisidir. Hatay, Amasya ve Tokat illerindeki soğan yetiştiriciliği yapılan alanlarda Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium ve Penicillium cinslerine ait hastalık etmenleri ve aralarındaki genetik varyasyonunu belirlemek amacı ile 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında 217 tarlada hastalık sörveyleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan sörveyler sonucunda 142 tarladaki bitkilerin kök, yumru, yaprak ve çiçeklerinde hastalık belirtileri saptanmıştır. En yüksek hastalık düzeyi, 61 tarla ile Hatay'da belirlenirken, bunu 43 ile Amasya ve 38 tarla ile Tokat illeri izlemiştir. İllere göre hastalık yaygınlığı (%) incelendiğinde, en yüksek yaygınlık düzeyinin %76.3 ile Hatay'da, en düşük yaygınlık oranının ise %53.8 ile Amasya'da olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Morfolojik ve MALDI TOF MS analizler sonucunda elde edilen ve teşhisi yapılan toplam 435 fungal izolatın, Fusarium (%61.8), Alternaria (%18.4), Aspergillus (%13.8), ve Penicillium (%6.0) cinsine ait türler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kesik yaprak veya yumruya agar disk inokulasyonu testleri sonucunda izolatların %93.2'sinin patojen olduğu gözlenmiştir. Tohum kaplama uygulamasında en yüksek hastalık gelişimi, Fusarium proliferatum'un OBHA939, OLHA1, OBAM922, OLAM467 ve OLHA462 izolatlarında kayıt edilirken, en düşük hastalık gelişimi Alternaria tenuissima OLTO13, A. alternata OFAM763, Penicillium glabrum OBHA683 ve OLAM840 izolatlarında belirlenmiştir. Kök daldırma uygulaması sonucunda, F. oxysporum f.sp. cepae OLTO932 ve F. oxysporum OBHA459 izolatların virülensliğinin yüksek, A. tenuissima OLTO13, A. tenuissima OLHA587, A. niger ORTO514, A. niger OLTO41 ve P. glabrum OLAM840 izolatların ise düşük olduğu gözlenmiştir. Yumruya spor enjeksiyonunda en yüksek hastalık oluşumu A. niger OBHA41 izolatında tespit edilirken, en düşük hastalık gelişimi A. tenuissima OLTO13 ve OLHA587 izolatlarında kaydedilmiştir. Yaprağa inokulasyon yönteminde en virülent izolat F. proliferatum OLTO5 olurken, en düşük virülent izolatın A. niger OLHA146 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Patojen fungal izolatların moleküler karakterizasyonu sonucunda; Alternaria cinsine ait izolatların %75'nin A. alternata, %25'nin ise A. tenuissima; Aspergillus cinsine ait izolatların tamamı A. niger; Fusarium cinsine ait izolatların %11.5'i F. acuminatum, %3.9'u F. chlamydosporum, %7.7'si F. equiseti, %26.9'u F. oxysporum ve %50'si F. proliferatum; Penicillium cinsine ait izolatların %85'i P. glabrum, %15.0'i ise P. aurantiogriseum olarak tanımlanmıştır. Mevcut çalışma kapsamında elde edilen A. tenuissima, F. chlamydosporum, P. aurantiogriseum ve P. glabrum türlerinin ülkemizde yetiştirilen soğanlarda patojen olarak varlığı ilk kez bu çalışma ile ortaya konulmuştur. P. aurantiogriseum ve P. glabrum, soğan yumrularında ciddi kayıplara sebep olması nedeniyle ekonomik öneme sahip fungal patojenler olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, soğan hastalıkları ve mücadelesi konularında tarla ve depo koşullarında gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara katkıda bulunacaktır.
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most cultivated pioneering vegetable in Turkey as well as in the world. During 2017 to 2018 growing seasons, 217 onion fields located in Hatay, Amasya and Tokat provinces were surveyed to determine fungal disease species belonging to Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera and genetic variation among these species. Typical disease symptoms were detected in roots, tubers, leaves and flowers of onion plants growing in 142 different onion fields. The highest diseases prevalence was determined in Hatay province with 61 fields and this was followed by Amasya (with 43 fields) and Tokat (with 38 fields) provinces. According to disease prevalence rates, the highest prevalence of the disease was found in Hatay province (76.3%) and the least prevalence in Amasya province (53.8%). Following morphological and MALDI TOF MS analyses of 435 fungal isolates obtained, 61.8% of isolates were determined as belonging to Fusarium, 18.4% as belonging to Alternaria, 13.8% as belonging to Aspergillus and 6.0% as belonging to Penicillium genus. Agar disc inoculation on tuber or detached leaf pathogenicity studies revealed that 93.2% of the isolates were pathogenic. Following seed coating inoculation by fungal isolates, the highest disease development was recorded in seeds coated by Fusarium proliferatum OBHA939, OLHA1, OBAM922, OLAM467 and OLHA462 isolates, while the lowest disease development was caused by Alternaria tenuissima OLTO13, A. alternata OFAM763, Penicillium glabrum OBAM763 and OLAM840 isolates. Result of the root dipping inoculation test revealed that Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae OLTO932 and F. oxysporum OBHA459 isolates were determined as highly virulent, while A. tenuissima OLTO13, OLHA587, A. niger ORTO514, OLTO41 and P. glabrum OLAM840 isolates were determined as lower virulence isolates. Results of tuber inoculation by spore injection method showed that disease development was high in those inoculated by A. niger OBHA41 isolate, but low in those inoculated by A. tenuissima OLTO13 and OLHA587 isolates. In the leaf inoculation method, the most virulent isolate was F. proliferatum OLTO5, while the lowest virulent isolate was A. niger OLHA146. Molecular characterization of virulent fungal isolates revealed that 75% isolates belonging to genus Alternaria was identified as A. alternata and 25% as A. tenuissima; all Aspergillus isolates were identified as A. niger; 11.5% of isolates belonging to genus Fusarium was identified as F. acuminatum, 3.9% as F. chlamydosporum, 7.7% as F. equiseti, 26.9% as F. oxysporum and 50.0% as F. proliferatum; 85.0% of isolates belonging to Penicillium genus was identified as P. glabrum, 15.0% as P. aurantiogriseum. According to the results obtained, this is first report of A. tenuissima, F. chlamydosporum, P. aurantiogriseum and P. glabrum as disease agents in onions grown in Turkey. Since severe and serious diseases caused on onion tubers, P. aurantiogriseum and P. glabrum disease agents have been considered as economically important fungal species. The results obtained will contribute to the studies on onion diseases and their control in field and storage conditions.
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most cultivated pioneering vegetable in Turkey as well as in the world. During 2017 to 2018 growing seasons, 217 onion fields located in Hatay, Amasya and Tokat provinces were surveyed to determine fungal disease species belonging to Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera and genetic variation among these species. Typical disease symptoms were detected in roots, tubers, leaves and flowers of onion plants growing in 142 different onion fields. The highest diseases prevalence was determined in Hatay province with 61 fields and this was followed by Amasya (with 43 fields) and Tokat (with 38 fields) provinces. According to disease prevalence rates, the highest prevalence of the disease was found in Hatay province (76.3%) and the least prevalence in Amasya province (53.8%). Following morphological and MALDI TOF MS analyses of 435 fungal isolates obtained, 61.8% of isolates were determined as belonging to Fusarium, 18.4% as belonging to Alternaria, 13.8% as belonging to Aspergillus and 6.0% as belonging to Penicillium genus. Agar disc inoculation on tuber or detached leaf pathogenicity studies revealed that 93.2% of the isolates were pathogenic. Following seed coating inoculation by fungal isolates, the highest disease development was recorded in seeds coated by Fusarium proliferatum OBHA939, OLHA1, OBAM922, OLAM467 and OLHA462 isolates, while the lowest disease development was caused by Alternaria tenuissima OLTO13, A. alternata OFAM763, Penicillium glabrum OBAM763 and OLAM840 isolates. Result of the root dipping inoculation test revealed that Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae OLTO932 and F. oxysporum OBHA459 isolates were determined as highly virulent, while A. tenuissima OLTO13, OLHA587, A. niger ORTO514, OLTO41 and P. glabrum OLAM840 isolates were determined as lower virulence isolates. Results of tuber inoculation by spore injection method showed that disease development was high in those inoculated by A. niger OBHA41 isolate, but low in those inoculated by A. tenuissima OLTO13 and OLHA587 isolates. In the leaf inoculation method, the most virulent isolate was F. proliferatum OLTO5, while the lowest virulent isolate was A. niger OLHA146. Molecular characterization of virulent fungal isolates revealed that 75% isolates belonging to genus Alternaria was identified as A. alternata and 25% as A. tenuissima; all Aspergillus isolates were identified as A. niger; 11.5% of isolates belonging to genus Fusarium was identified as F. acuminatum, 3.9% as F. chlamydosporum, 7.7% as F. equiseti, 26.9% as F. oxysporum and 50.0% as F. proliferatum; 85.0% of isolates belonging to Penicillium genus was identified as P. glabrum, 15.0% as P. aurantiogriseum. According to the results obtained, this is first report of A. tenuissima, F. chlamydosporum, P. aurantiogriseum and P. glabrum as disease agents in onions grown in Turkey. Since severe and serious diseases caused on onion tubers, P. aurantiogriseum and P. glabrum disease agents have been considered as economically important fungal species. The results obtained will contribute to the studies on onion diseases and their control in field and storage conditions.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ziraat, Agriculture
