Karbon içerikli atıkların yeni nesil yakıt üretiminde kullanım potansiyelinin kemometrik metotlarla araştırılması
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2014
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Hızlı nüfus artışı sonucu ülkemizde enerji ihtiyacı da artmıştır. Bu ihtiyaç enerji alanında yapılan çalışmalara bir ivme kazandırmıştır. Biyokütle, fosil yakıtlara göre bazı avantajlara sahip yenilenebilir bir enerji kaynağı olması bakımından önemlidir. Ancak, uygun hammadde bulunamayışı biyokütle enerjisi için bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Lignoselülozik atıklar yüksek karbohidrat içeriğiyle biyoetanol üretiminde hammadde olma potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu potansiyelin araştırılması için yapılan çalışmamızdaki karbon içerikli atıkların kullanımı üretim maliyetini de düşürecektir. Bu araştırmada incelenen atıklardan biyoetanol üretimi hem Türkiye'de hem de dünyada ilk defa gerçekleştirildiği için çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada hammadde olarak demlenmiş çay atığı (DÇA), nar çekirdeği atığı (NÇA), nar kabuğu atığı (NKA), uçucu yağı alınmış defne yaprağı atığı (DYA) ve sabit yağı alınmış defne küspesi atığı (DKA) kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle sakkarifikasyon optimizasyon işlemiyle enzimatik hidroliz koşullarının elde edilen indirgen şeker üzerindeki etkisi saptanmıştır. Sakkarifikasyon için optimum koşullar bulunmuştur. Optimum sakkarifikasyon koşullarında maksimum indirgen şeker üretimi yapılmıştır. Daha sonra fermantasyon optimizasyon işlemiyle fermantasyon koşullarının elde edilen etanol üzerindeki etkisi saptanmıştır. Fermantasyon için optimum koşullar bulunmuştur. Optimum fermantasyon koşullarında maksimum etanol üretimi yapılmıştır. Sakkarifikasyon ve fermantasyon optimizasyon işlemleri Yüzey Yanıt Yöntemi (RSM) kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Üç faktörlü beş seviyeli merkezi kompozit tasarım kullanılmıştır. Sakkarifikasyon işlemi sonucunda elde edilen indirgen şeker miktarı UV-VIS spektrofotometresiyle belirlenmiştir. Fermantasyon işlemi sonucunda elde edilen etanol miktarı GC-MS ile belirlenmiştir. Yapılan optimizasyon işlemi sonucunda en yüksek indirgen şeker derişimi (43,36 g/L) 80 IU/g substrat Novozyme 188, 41 IU/g substrat Celluclast 1,5 L yüklemesinde ve 56οC'de DKA'dan elde edilmiştir. En yüksek etanol derişimi ise (19,09 g/L) maya miktarı 11,7 g/L, pH 5,61 ve 38οC'de yine DKA'dan elde edilmiştir.
As a result of rapid population growth energy demand increased in our country. This demand accelerated the studies in the energy field. Biomass which has several advantages compared to fossil fuels is important as a renewable energy source. However, absence of suitable feedstock has become a problem for biomass energy. Lignocellulosic wastes with high carbohydrate content have the potential to be used as feedstock for bioethanol production. Utilization of carbon containing wastes in our study performed to investigate this potential will also reduce the cost of production. The production of bioethanol from the wastes which were investigated in this study is very important because it was carried out for the first time both in Turkey and in world. In this study, spent tea waste (DCA), pomegranate seed waste (NCA), pomegranate peel waste (NCA), essential oil extracted laurel leaf waste (DYA) and fixed oil extracted laurel pulp waste (DKA) were used as feedstock. Primarily, the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions on the reducing sugar was determined by saccharification optimization process. Optimum conditions for saccharification were found. Maximum reducing sugar production was carried out at the optimum saccharification conditions. Then, the effect of fermentation conditions on the ethanol was determined by fermentation optimization process. Optimum conditions for fermentation were found. Maximum ethanol production was carried out at the optimum fermentation conditions. Saccharification and fermentation optimization processes were examined by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The 5-level-3-factor central composite design was used. Amount of the reducing sugar was obtained from the saccharification process was determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Amount of the ethanol was obtained from the fermentation process was determined by GC-MS. As a result of the optimization process, the maximum concentration of reducing sugar (43.36 g / L), was obtained with 80 IU / g substrate Novozyme 188, 41 IU / g substrate Celluclast 1.5 L loads and at 56οC from DKA. The maximum concentration of ethanol (19.09 g / L) was obtained with amount of yeast 11.7 g / L, pH 5.61 and at 38οC from DKA also.
As a result of rapid population growth energy demand increased in our country. This demand accelerated the studies in the energy field. Biomass which has several advantages compared to fossil fuels is important as a renewable energy source. However, absence of suitable feedstock has become a problem for biomass energy. Lignocellulosic wastes with high carbohydrate content have the potential to be used as feedstock for bioethanol production. Utilization of carbon containing wastes in our study performed to investigate this potential will also reduce the cost of production. The production of bioethanol from the wastes which were investigated in this study is very important because it was carried out for the first time both in Turkey and in world. In this study, spent tea waste (DCA), pomegranate seed waste (NCA), pomegranate peel waste (NCA), essential oil extracted laurel leaf waste (DYA) and fixed oil extracted laurel pulp waste (DKA) were used as feedstock. Primarily, the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions on the reducing sugar was determined by saccharification optimization process. Optimum conditions for saccharification were found. Maximum reducing sugar production was carried out at the optimum saccharification conditions. Then, the effect of fermentation conditions on the ethanol was determined by fermentation optimization process. Optimum conditions for fermentation were found. Maximum ethanol production was carried out at the optimum fermentation conditions. Saccharification and fermentation optimization processes were examined by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The 5-level-3-factor central composite design was used. Amount of the reducing sugar was obtained from the saccharification process was determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Amount of the ethanol was obtained from the fermentation process was determined by GC-MS. As a result of the optimization process, the maximum concentration of reducing sugar (43.36 g / L), was obtained with 80 IU / g substrate Novozyme 188, 41 IU / g substrate Celluclast 1.5 L loads and at 56οC from DKA. The maximum concentration of ethanol (19.09 g / L) was obtained with amount of yeast 11.7 g / L, pH 5.61 and at 38οC from DKA also.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Enerji, Energy
