Türkiye'de HIV pozitif olmak; karşılaşılan zorluklar, başetme yöntemleri: Nitel bir çalışma
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Amaç: HIV bağışıklık sisteminin zayıflamasına yol açabilen bir virüsü, AIDS ise HIV'in neden olduğu enfeksiyonunun, kanserlerin, fırsatçı enfeksiyonların görüldüğü son evresi ifade etmektedir. HIV/AIDS ilk raporlandığı 1980'li yıllarda tedavisi mümkün olmayan ve ölümcül seyreden bir hastalık iken günümüzde kullanımı kolay ve yan etkileri az olan ilaçlarla ölümcül hastalık olmaktan çıkıp tür kronik hastalığa dönüşmüştür. Zamanla damgalamaya maruz kalan hastalılarının nedenlerinin anlaşılması, tedavilerinin bulunması bu hastalıklara karşı hissedilen olumsuz duyguların hafiflemesine neden olmuştur. Ancak HIV/AIDS'te bu durum farklı seyretmiş ve HIV/AIDS'i modern tarihin en damgalayıcı tıbbi durumların biri haline getirmiştir. Günümüzde HIV tanısı bireylere ayrımcı, damgalayan tutumlar devam etmekte ve HIV/AIDS tanısı olan bireylerin sosyal hayatını, çalışma hayatını, sağlık hizmetini alımı zorlaştırmaktadır. Yöntem: Nitel araştırma olarak yapılan çalışma Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesine başvuran HIV pozitif bireylerin yaşadıkları zorluklara odaklanmayı amaçlamaktadır. 15 katılımcıyla yüz yüze ve derinlemesine yapılan görüşmeler katılımcıların onamı alındıktan sonra ses kaydına alınmıştır. Ses kayıtları daha sonra metne yazılmış ve katılımcıların görüşmelerinin içeriği NVİVO programıyla analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Katılımcıların söylemlerinin nitel analizi sonucunda oluşan temalar: tanı ve tedavi süreci, aile ve sosyal hayat, çalışma hayatı, HIV tanısının ruhsal etkileri, toplum ve HIV başlıklarında incelenmiştir. Tanı ve tedavi süreci temasını tanı öncesi katılımcıların HIV/AIDS ile ilgili bilgi düzeyleri ve tutumları, tanıyı öğrenme süreçleri, tanıda ilk zamanlar, sağlık hizmeti alımında yaşananlar deneyimler kategorileri oluşturmuştur. Aile ve sosyal hayat teması, aile ile paylaşma, akrabalar, arkadaş çevresi ile paylaşma durumu, kimseyle paylaşılmaması, partnerle paylaşma durumu, cinsel hayat etkileri, bireyin aile ve sosyal hayatındaki değişimler kategorileri oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma hayatı tema olarak çalışma hayatına olumsuz etkileri, çalışma arkadaşlarıyla paylaşma, çalışma arkadaşlarından gizleme, gelecek planları kategorilerinden oluşmuştur. HIV tanısının ruhsal etkileri; ilk öğrenildiği zaman duygular ve düşünceler, kabullenme süreci, HIV tanısından sonra oluşan ruhsal hastalıklar kategorilerinden oluşmuştur. HIV/AIDS'in toplumsal yönü; toplumun HIV'e olumsuz bakışı, toplumun HIV'e bakışını değiştirme kategorilerinden oluşmuştur. xii Sonuç: Çalışmamızın sonuçları HIV tanısı alan bireyler tanı ve tedavi süreçlerinde, sağlık kuruluşlarında, çalışma hayatında, sosyal hayatlarında pek çok zorlukla karşılaşmış olduğu görülmüştür. Tedavi süreçlerinde sağlık hizmetine erişiminde yaşanan zorluklar, işe başvururken yaşanan hak ihlalleri, sosyal hayatında kısıtlanması HIV/AIDS'e karşı damgalayan tutumların devam ettiğini göstermektedir. Araştırma sonuçlarının HIV pozitif bireylerin hayat şartlarını düzeltecek yol haritası çizilmesine katkı sağlaması amaçlanmaktadır.
Aim: HIV refers to a virus that can weaken the immune system, while AIDS refers to the last stage of HIV-induced infection, cancers, and opportunistic infections. While HIV/AIDS was an incurable and fatal disease in the 1980s, when it was first reported, today it has turned into a chronic disease from being a deadly disease with drugs that are easy to use and have few side effects. Many diseases such as Plague (Black Death) and Leprosy, which were contagious in history, have been stigmatized. Over time, the understanding of the causes of these diseases and the discovery of their treatments have led to the alleviation of negative feelings towards these diseases. However, this situation was different in HIV/AIDS and has made HIV/AIDS one of the most stigmatizing medical conditions nowadays. The discriminatory and stigmatizing attitudes towards individuals with HIV diagnosis continue and make it difficult for individuals with HIV/AIDS diagnosis to receive social life, work life and health care services. The theme of family and social life, sharing with family, relatives, sharing with friends, not sharing with anyone, sharing with a partner, sexual life effects, changes in the family and social life of the individual were made up of categories. Methods: The study, which was conducted as a qualitative research, aims to focus on the difficulties experienced by HIV-positive individuals who applied to Hatay Mustafa Kemal University.Face-to-face and in-depth interviews with 15 participants were audio-recorded after obtaining the consent of the participants.The audio recordings were then transcribed and the content of the participants' interviews was analyzed with the NVIVO program. Results: The themes that emerged as a result of the qualitative analysis of the participants' discourses: diagnosis and treatment process, family and social life, working life, the psychological effects of HIV diagnosis, society and HIV were examined. The diagnosis and treatment process theme was formed by the knowledge levels and attitudes of the participants about HIV/AIDS before the diagnosis, the learning processes of the diagnosis, the first times in the diagnosis, and the experiences experienced in the healthcare service. Working life as a theme consists of the categories of negative effects on working life, sharing with colleagues, hiding from colleagues, future plans. Psychological effects of HIV diagnosis; It consisted of the categories of feelings and thoughts, acceptance process, and mental illnesses that occurred after the diagnosis of HIV when it was first learned. The social aspect of HIV/AIDS; society's negative view of HIV consisted of the categories of changing the society's view of HIV. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that individuals diagnosed with HIV struggle with many difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment processes, health institutions, working life and social lives.Difficulties in accessing health services during treatment, violations of rights while applying for a job, and restriction in xiv social life show that stigmatizing attitudes towards HIV/AIDS continue.We hope that the findings of the research will contribute to the drawing of a road map that will improve the living conditions of HIV-positive individuals.It is aimed that the conclusion of the research will contribute to the drawing of a road map that will improve the living conditions of HIV-positive individuals.
Aim: HIV refers to a virus that can weaken the immune system, while AIDS refers to the last stage of HIV-induced infection, cancers, and opportunistic infections. While HIV/AIDS was an incurable and fatal disease in the 1980s, when it was first reported, today it has turned into a chronic disease from being a deadly disease with drugs that are easy to use and have few side effects. Many diseases such as Plague (Black Death) and Leprosy, which were contagious in history, have been stigmatized. Over time, the understanding of the causes of these diseases and the discovery of their treatments have led to the alleviation of negative feelings towards these diseases. However, this situation was different in HIV/AIDS and has made HIV/AIDS one of the most stigmatizing medical conditions nowadays. The discriminatory and stigmatizing attitudes towards individuals with HIV diagnosis continue and make it difficult for individuals with HIV/AIDS diagnosis to receive social life, work life and health care services. The theme of family and social life, sharing with family, relatives, sharing with friends, not sharing with anyone, sharing with a partner, sexual life effects, changes in the family and social life of the individual were made up of categories. Methods: The study, which was conducted as a qualitative research, aims to focus on the difficulties experienced by HIV-positive individuals who applied to Hatay Mustafa Kemal University.Face-to-face and in-depth interviews with 15 participants were audio-recorded after obtaining the consent of the participants.The audio recordings were then transcribed and the content of the participants' interviews was analyzed with the NVIVO program. Results: The themes that emerged as a result of the qualitative analysis of the participants' discourses: diagnosis and treatment process, family and social life, working life, the psychological effects of HIV diagnosis, society and HIV were examined. The diagnosis and treatment process theme was formed by the knowledge levels and attitudes of the participants about HIV/AIDS before the diagnosis, the learning processes of the diagnosis, the first times in the diagnosis, and the experiences experienced in the healthcare service. Working life as a theme consists of the categories of negative effects on working life, sharing with colleagues, hiding from colleagues, future plans. Psychological effects of HIV diagnosis; It consisted of the categories of feelings and thoughts, acceptance process, and mental illnesses that occurred after the diagnosis of HIV when it was first learned. The social aspect of HIV/AIDS; society's negative view of HIV consisted of the categories of changing the society's view of HIV. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that individuals diagnosed with HIV struggle with many difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment processes, health institutions, working life and social lives.Difficulties in accessing health services during treatment, violations of rights while applying for a job, and restriction in xiv social life show that stigmatizing attitudes towards HIV/AIDS continue.We hope that the findings of the research will contribute to the drawing of a road map that will improve the living conditions of HIV-positive individuals.It is aimed that the conclusion of the research will contribute to the drawing of a road map that will improve the living conditions of HIV-positive individuals.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Psikiyatri, Psychiatry, HIV/AIDS, damgalanma, ayrımcılık, zorluk, HIV/AIDS, stigma,discrimination, difficulty
