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Öğe Ameliorating effect of quercetin on acute pentylenetetrazole induced seizures in rats(E-Century Publishing Corp, 2014) Sefil, Fatih; Kahraman, Ibrahim; Dokuyucu, Recep; Gokce, Hasan; Ozturk, Atakan; Tutuk, Okan; Aydin, MehmetObjective: The aim of the study to elicit effects of pure quercetin in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and picrotoxin induced seizures. Materials and methods: Each animal group was divided into six groups and composed of six rats. Rats were assigned to the following experiments and groups (G): (G1) PTZ 45 mg/kg + DMSO; (G2) PTZ 45 mg/kg + 5 mg/kg quercetin; (G3) PTZ 45 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg quercetin; (G4) PTZ 45 mg/kg + 20 mg/kg quercetin; (G5) PTZ 45 mg/kg + 40 mg/kg quercetin; (G6) Picrotoxin 5 mg/kg + DMSO; (G7) Picrotoxin 5 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg quercetin; (G8) Picrotoxin 5 mg/kg + 20 mg/kg quercetin. In all groups quercetin were injected 30 min before PTZ and picrotoxin applications. Results: Compared to PTZ, quercetin significantly prolonged onset of the seizure in 10 mg/kg (P < 0.05) and reduced the seizure stage in 10 mg/kg quercetin injected group (P < 0.01). Compared to PTZ, quercetin also declined the generalized seizure duration at 10 mg/kg (P < 0.01) and 20 mg/kg (P < 0.05) doses. At the doses of 5 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg quercetin there were no significant changes in seizure parameters. Development of picrotoxin induced seizures is slower than in PTZ. Quercetin was found to be unable to prevent seizure in picrotoxin induced seizures. Surprisingly, quercetin also significantly reduced the onset of seizures at the dose of 20 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Conclusion: quercetin (at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg i.p) prevented seizures in PTZ (45 mg/kg i.p) induced seizures. Especially, 10 mg/kg PTZ prolonged onset of seizures, reduced the seizure duration and seizure severity score in comparison with control group. At a higher (40 mg/kg) dose quercetin failed to prevent PTZ induced seizures. In addition 20 mg/kg quercetin significantly reduced the onset of seizures that suggest a preconvulsive effect. 20 mg/kg quercetin reduced the onset of picrotoxin induced seizures. In picrotoxin model, it may be claimed that quercetin at higher doses accelerate the epileptic activity owing to its antagonistic effect on GABAA. Further investigations are needed to explore the mechanisms of the antiepileptic and preconvulsant effects of quercetin.Öğe The Amelorative Role of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (Cape) in a Rat Model of Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Model(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015) Dokuyucu, Recep; Oruc, Cem; Ozcan, Oguzhan; Gokce, Hasan; Bayraktaroglu, Suphi; Dogan, Hatice; Sefil, Fatih[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Anticonvulsant effect of carnosine on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats(Elsevier, 2008) Kozan, Ramazan; Sefil, Fatih; Bagirici, FarukCarnosine is a compound of naturally-occurring dipeptide that synthesized by the carnosine synthetase from beta-alanine and L-histidine. Recent reports claim that carnosine plays an important role in the control of epilepsy but its involvement in anticonvulsant functions remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of carnosine in a rat model of epilepsy using the intracortical penicillin injection method. Thirty minutes after penicillin injection, the doses of 125, 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg carnosine and 90 min before penicillin injection the dose of 500 mg/kg carnosine were administered intraperitoneally. The epileptiform activity was verified by electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings. The mean spike frequency of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity was significantly decreased in all carnosine-treated rats when compared with those of penicillin-injected. The dose of 500 mg/kg for carnosine treated and pretreated rats was found to be the most effective dose in reducing the frequency of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. There was no significant difference in the mean onset of epileptiform activity between penicillin and 500 mg/kg camosine pretreated groups. These findings indicate that carnosine has an anticonvulsant effect on penicillin-induced epilepsy in rats. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that carnosine may be a potential anticonvulsant drug for clinical therapy of epilepsy in the future. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Demirin neden olduğu purkinje hücre kaybı üzerine nitrik oksit sentaz inhibisyonunun koruyucu etkisi(2009) Sefil, Fatih; Kozan, Ramazan; Bostancı, Mehmet Ömer; Bağırıcı, FarukAmaç: Demir, nöronal hiperaktivite ve oksidatif stresi indüklemek için sıklıkla kullanılan bir metaldir. Nitrik oksit sentaz (NOS) tarafından sentezlenen nitrik oksit ile hücre ölümü arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koyan bulgular da mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada, intraserebroventriküler olarak injekte edilen demirin sıçan serebellar Purkinje hücrelerinde oluşturduğu nörotoksisiteye karşı bir indüklenebilir NOS inhibitörü olan aminoguanidin ve non-selektif NOS inhibötörü olan N-nitro-L- arjinin metil ester’in (L-NAME) etkisi araştırıldı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Sıçanlar; kontrol, demir, demir+aminoguanidin ve demir+L-NAME grupları olmak üzere dört gruba ayrıldı. Demir, demir+aminoguanidin ve demir+L-NAME gruplarındaki sıçanlara intraserebroventriküler olarak demir verildi. Operasyonu takiben on gün süreyle, demir+aminoguanidin ve demir+L-NAME gruplarındaki sıçanlara sırasıyla 30 mg/kg aminoguanidin ve 60 mg/kg L-NAME intraperitoneal olarak verildi. Onuncu günün sonunda, bütün gruplardaki hayvanlar üretan anestezi altında intrakardiyak yolla perfüze edildi. Toplam Purkinje hücre sayımları için tarafsız sayım metodu olan stereolojik yöntem kullanıldı. Bulgular: Demir+aminoguanidin ve demir+L- NAME grupları demir grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, aminoguanidin ve L-NAME demirin indüklediği Purkinje hücre kaybını %24.9’dan sırasıyla %12.3 ve %11.3’e gerilettiği bulundu (p<0.05). Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, aminoguanidin ve L-NAME’nin demirin indüklediği Purkinje hücre kaybını anlamlı olarak azalttığını ve NOS inhibisyonunun demirin zararlı etkilerini önleyebileceğini gösterdi.Öğe Determination of oxidative stress and effect of erdosteine on rhinitis medicamentosa in a rat model(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Dokuyucu, Recep; Cevik, Cengiz; Ozler, Gul Soylu; Ozgur, Tumay; Arli, Cengiz; Sefil, Fatih; Yonden, ZaferWe aimed to determine the presence of oxidative stress in rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) and to evaluate the effect of erdosteine (ED) on mucosal changes in a rat model. Twenty-four male rats were used in this experimental study. Three groups were created. Group 1 (n=8) was the control group. Two puffs of 0.05% oxymetazolin were sprayed into the nasal cavities of the remaining rats (n = 16) three times daily for eight weeks. One of these 16 rats was scarified at the end of the eight weeks and examined to confirm the presence of RM. Seven of the remaining 16 rats were killed, and venous blood samples were taken (Group 2). Group 3 (n=8) received 10 mg/kg of an ED suspension orally for seven days. All rats were put on formalin for light microscopy. The total antioxidant status (TAS) was similar in all groups (p = 0.073). The total oxidative status (TOS) of the RM group was significantly higher than that of the control group and RM + ED group (Group 3) (p = 0.003 and p = 0.011, respectively). The pathological recovery of the nasal mucosa of the rats was similar in the RM + ED and control groups. The TOS was high in this RM rat model, and oxidative stress was associated with RM. ED significantly ameliorated nasal mucosal changes induced by RM, suggesting that oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathophysiology of this condition. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Diabetes mellituslu hemodiyaliz hastalarında HbA1c ile kan glukozu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki(2013) Motor, Sedat; Dokuyucu, Recep; Sefil, Fatih; Rifaioğlu, Mehmet Murat; Erhan Yengil; Kemal Türker Ulutaş; Ahmet Taner Sümbül; Rızaoğlu, Hatice; Üstün, İhsan; Gökçe, CumaliAmaç: Bu çalışmada Diabetes mellitus (DM)’lu, kronik böbrek yetmezliği olan ve diyalize giren hastalarda HbA1c düzeyleri ile kan glukozu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: 1 Ocak 2009-31 Temmuz 2010 tarihleri arasında, özel bir diyaliz merkezinde diyalize giren 131 (53 kadın, 78 erkek) hastanın aylık kan glukozu ve 3 aylık HbA1c sonuçları geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Bulgular: 131 olgunun yaş ortalaması 63,3±11,2 yıl (30- 91 yaş arası) idi. Bu olguların 53’ü kadın (%40,5), 78’i erkek (%59.5) idi. Kadınların yaş ortalaması 62,2±11,2 iken erkeklerin yaş ortalaması 64,1±11,2 idi. Kadınların ve erkeklerin ortalama glukoz değeri ile ortalama HbA1c de- ğeri arasında korelasyon vardı (Kadın: p<0,001, r=0.761, Erkek: p<0.001, r=0.743). Tüm gruplar arası ortalama glukoz değeri ile ortalama HbA1c arasında korelasyon vardı (p<0.001, r=755). İncelenen HbA1c sonuçlarının %32.8’ i %6.5 değerinin altında tespit edilirken, % 67,2’ si %6.5 değerinin üzerinde tespit edildi. Açlık kan glukozu değerlerinin %18,3’ ü 126 mg/dl değerinin altında tespit edilirken, %81,3’ ü 126 mg/dl değerinin üzerinde tespit edilmiştir. Ortalama kan glukozu değeri ile HbA1c değerleri arasında korelasyon bulundu. Sonuç: Açlık, tokluk kan glukozu ve HbA1c ölçümleri kötü glisemik kontrolün tanı, izlem ve tedavisinde önemlidir. Dolayısıyla diyabetik nefropatili diyaliz hastalarında, HbA1c ve kan glukozu (açlık ve tokluk) ölçümü ve bunlar arasındaki korelasyon, kardiyovasküler mortalite ve morbidite açısından ve DM’nin izlemi açısından son derece önemlidir.Öğe The effect of blood glucose regulation on the presence of opportunistic Demodex folliculorum mites in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(Sage Publications Ltd, 2013) Gokce, Cumali; Aycan-Kaya, Ozlem; Yula, Erkan; Ustun, Ihsan; Yengil, Erhan; Sefil, Fatih; Rizaoglu, HaticeObjectives To measure the rate of Demodex folliculorum mite infestation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to investigate if it was related to blood glucose control. Methods Patients with type 2 diabetes were classified according to their glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) level into two groups: a well controlled blood glucose group (HbA(1c)7%) and a poorly controlled blood glucose group (HbA(1c)>7%). A standardized skin surface biopsy method was used to determine if the patients had D. folliculorum infestation (>5 mites/cm(2) of skin). Results A total of 69 patients (38 female) were enrolled in the study. Seventeen (24.6%) patients had D. folliculorum infestation. There were no significant differences in age, sex or body mass index between patients with and without D. folliculorum infestations. A significantly higher proportion of patients with poor blood glucose control had D. folliculorum infestation compared with patients with well controlled blood glucose. Conclusions These current findings suggest that poor blood glucose regulation increases the susceptibility to D. folliculorum mite infestation in patients with type 2 diabetes.Öğe The Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) on TRPM 2, 8 Channels in Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Model(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Dokuyucu, Recep; Dogan, Hatice; Tutuk, Okan; Sefil, Fatih; Gogebakan, Bulent; Gokce, Hasan; Tumer, Cemil[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Effect of clozapine on locomotor activity and anxiety-related behavior in the neonatal mice administered MK-801(Assoc Basic Medical Sci Federation Bosnia & Herzegovina Sarajevo, 2015) Pinar, Neslihan; Akillioglu, Kubra; Sefil, Fatih; Alp, Harun; Sagir, Mustafa; Acet, AhmetAtypical antipsychotics have been used to treat fear and anxiety disturbance that are highly common in schizophrenic patients. It is suggested that disruptions of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated transmission of glutamate may underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The present study was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of clozapine on the anxiety-related behavior and locomotor function of the adult brain, which had previously undergone NMDA receptor blockade during a developmental period. In order to block the NMDA receptor, male mice were administered 0.25 mg/kg of MK-801 on days 7 to 10 postnatal. In adulthood, they were administered intraperitoneally 0.5 mg/kg of clozapine and tested with open-field and elevated plus maze test, to assess their emotional behavior and locomotor activity. In the group receiving MK-801 in the early developmental period the elevated plus maze test revealed a reduction in the anxiety-related behavior (p<0.05), while the open-field test indicated a decrease in locomotor activity (p<0.01). Despite these reductions, clozapine could not reverse the NMDA receptor blockade. Also, as an atypical antipsychotic agent, clozapine could not reverse impairment in the locomotor activity and anxiety-related behavior, induced by administration of the MK-801 in neonatal period.Öğe Effect of levetiracetam on penicillin induced epileptic activity in rats(Nencki Inst Experimental Biology, 2014) Arik, Aliye Erguvan; Bagirici, Faruk; Sefil, Fatih; Marangoz, CaferThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of levetiracetam (LEV) on penicillin- induced epileptiform activity in rats. Penicillin was applied intracerebroventricularly (icy) at a dose of 500 IU to induce epileptiform activity. LEV was given intraperitoneally (ip) at doses of 20, 40, 80 mg/kg before penicillin injection. This agent reduced epileptiform activity by decreasing spike frequencies. The mean spike frequencies decreased significantly in all the LEV treated groups. There was no significant change in the spike amplitudes of the LEV groups compared with the control group. 40 mg/kg of LEV was determined as the most effective dose on reducing epileptiform activity. The results of this study suggest that LEV is an effective antiepileptic agent in penicillin-induced epilepsy.Öğe The Effect of Thymoquinone in Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Rat Model(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015) Caglar, Kerem; Gokce, Hasan; Ozcan, Oguzhan; Tas, Zeynel Abidin; Dogan, Hatice; Agturk, Gokhan; Sefil, Fatih[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Urotensin II and TGF-?1 on Steroid-induced Osteonecrosis in Rats(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Dokuyucu, Recep; Tutuk, Okan; Dogan, Hatice; Bilgic, Nilufer; Tas, Zeynel Abidin; Sefil, Fatih; Gogebakan, Bulent[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Effects of Paliperidone Palmitate on Coagulation: An Experimental Study(Hindawi Ltd, 2014) Yilmaz, Enver Demirel; Motor, Sedat; Sefil, Fatih; Pinar, Neslihan; Kokacya, Hanifi; Kisa, Mustafa; Oktar, SuleymanObjective. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a new antipsychotic drug paliperidone palmitate on hemogram and coagulation parameters in rats. Materials and Methods. Experiments were performed on 22 female albino Wistar rats (8-12 weeks old). Control group was given drinking water as vehicle (0.3 mL). PAL-1 rats were given 1 mg/kg paliperidone palmitate (in 0.3 mL drinking water) by oral gavage once a day for ten days and PAL-3 rats received 3 mg/kg paliperidone palmitate (in 0.3 mL drinking water) by oral gavage for ten days. Blood samples were drawn from the heart 24 hours after the last drug dose, and hemogram and coagulation parameters were measured with automated analyzers. Results. Hemogram did not change in the paliperidone treated groups compared to the controls. Factor VIII levels decreased in the PAL-1 and PAL-3 groups; and this decrease was significantly greater in the PAL-3. Factor IX levels decreased in PAL-3 rats, but its levels also increased in PAL-1 rats compared to the control. Discussion. Paliperidone has led to changes in the serum levels of coagulation factors VIII and IX in rats. As a result, paliperidone may be causing thromboembolism or bleeding in a dose-independent manner.Öğe Effects on Learning and Memory of Olive Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015) Huzmeli, Irem; Dokuyucu, Recep; Ozcan, Oguzhan; Dogan, Hatice; Tutuk, Okan; Ozturk, Atakan; Sefil, Fatih[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Efficacy of resuscitation with Intralipid in a levobupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest model(2014) Karcıoğlu, Murat; Tuzcu, Kasım; Sefil, Fatih; Davarcı, Işıl; Aydın, Suzan; Sarı, Ali; Aydoğan, Akın; Özden, RaifAim: Cardiac toxicity due to the administration of local anesthetics may be fatal. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a 20% lipid solution combined with epinephrine in a levobupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest model. Materials and methods: A total of 14 New Zealand rabbits were sedated and mechanically ventilated. Asystole was induced with intravenous levobupivacaine injection. The rabbits were randomized into groups receiving the same volume of either 0.9% saline (CR group) or a 20% lipid solution (LE group) along with a 100 µg/kg epinephrine bolus, which were administered immediately upon asystole. Standard advanced cardiac life support protocols were performed. Results: Four subjects in the LE group as well as 3 subjects in the CR group had a spontaneous recovery (P = 0.592). In the 20th minute after arrest, 3 subjects in the LE group had maintained spontaneous circulation, while there was only 1 subject from the CR group with the same outcome. Conclusion: We found that adding a lipid solution to epinephrine for the resuscitation of rabbits that underwent levobupivacaineinduced cardiac arrest increased recovery rates of circulation and therefore the likelihood of survival. Further studies are needed to develop clinical therapies for the systemic toxicity of local anesthetics.Öğe Evaluation of mean platelet volume in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and blood glucose regulation: a marker for atherosclerosis?(E-Century Publishing Corp, 2014) Ulutas, Kemal Turker; Dokuyucu, Recep; Sefil, Fatih; Yengil, Erhan; Sumbul, Ahmet Taner; Rizaoglu, Hatice; Ustun, IhsanObjective: Platelets have an important role in atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis. Cardiovascular complication prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) may be associated with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and mean platelet volume (MPV). The aim of the study was to investigate if platelets were activated in diabetes and its associated vascular complications by measuring the MPV in the diabetics compared to the non-diabetics, and to determine the correlation of MPV with fasting serum glucose (FSG), HbA(1c) and duration of diabetes in the diabetic patients, respectively. Materials and Methods: The study carried out in 65 patients with type 2 DM and 40 non-diabetic subjects. In addition to non-diabetic patients, all diabetic patients were divided into two groups according to their HbA(1c) levels: group A consisted of patients with HbA(1c) levels <= 7% and group B consisted of patients with HbA(1c) levels >7%. Results: MPV was significantly higher in Group B as compared to both non-diabetics and Group A. MPV had a high positive correlation with HbA(1c) and FSG, as with diabetes duration. It is found that MPV was increased in type 2 DM. Conclusion: Our findings suggested an association between MPV and HbA(1c). Therefore, MPV would be a beneficial prognostic marker of cardio-vascular complications in patients with type 2 DM.Öğe Influence of carbenoxolone on the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenytoin in pentylenetetrazole kindled rats(Nencki Inst Experimental Biology, 2012) Sefil, Fatih; Bagirici, Faruk; Acar, M. Dilek; Marangoz, CaferAbnormal synchronized neuronal discharges mediated by gap junctions have an important role in epileptic seizures. The analysis of anticonvulsant drugs acting on gap junctions is still a priority in epilepsy research. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of carbenoxolone, a gap junction blocker, on the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenytoin in pentylenetetrazole kindled rats. Male Wistar albino rats, 14 weeks of age, were used. In the first step of the study, animals were given PTZ 35 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) three times a week until kindling was produced. Then, indwelling screw electrodes - allowing EEG monitoring of conscious rats - were implanted into the crania of the kindled rats. In this way, we were able to record EEG activity and evaluate seizure stage at the same time. In the second step of the study, the interaction between carbenoxolone (40 mg/kg i.p.) and phenytoin (60 mg/kg, i.p.) was investigated. The data analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc test. Total spike number and the generalized seizure duration were reduced in the carbenoxolone treated group compared to the PTZ group. Phenytoin decreased generalized seizure duration, total spike number and seizure severity score. Carbenoxolone and phenytoin have anti-seizure effects in PTZ kindled rats. There was no significant difference between the carbenoxolone + phenytoin combination and phenytoin in terms of generalized seizure duration, total spike number and seizure stage. The results indicate that carbenoxolone combined with phenytoin is not more effective than the use of these drugs alone.Öğe Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase prevents iron-induced cerebellar Purkinje cell loss in the rat(Nencki Inst Experimental Biology, 2008) Gulturk, Sefa; Kozan, Ramazan; Bostanci, M. Omer; Sefil, Fatih; Bagirici, FarukIron plays an important role in maintaining normal. brain function. However, in many neurodegenerative diseases abnormal iron accumulation in specific brain regions has been consistently reported. In this study, we investigated the neurotoxic effect of the intracerebroventricularly injected iron on the cerebellar Purkinje cells in the rat and the role of nitric oxide (NO) in this process. The role of NO in rats administered iron (FeCl(3)6H(2)O) was examined with the use of a donor of NO, L-arginine (L-Arg), and a central selective inhibitor of NO synthase, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI). For this reason, rats were divided into 5 groups: control, iron-injected, iron plus L-Arg, iron plus 7-NI, and iron plus L-Arg plus 7-NI. Means (value standard deviation) of the total numbers of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum were estimated as 337 +/- 23, 209 +/- 16, 167 +/- 19, 305 26, and 265 +/- 14 thousands in the control, iron, iron plus L-Arg, iron plus 7-NI, and iron plus L-Arg plus 7-NI groups, respectively. Iron treatment alone and the combination of iron and L-Arg caused a significant reduction in the total number of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Therefore, L-Arg increased the Purkinje cell loss induced by treatment with iron. These data show that inhibition of the neuronal NOS by 7-NI can prevent some of the deleterious effects of iron on cerebellar Purkinje cells. Presence of L-arginine decreased the neuroprotective effect of 7-NI.Öğe Interaction between carbenoxolone and valproic acid on pentylenetetrazole kindling model of epilepsy(E-Century Publishing Corp, 2015) Sefil, Fatih; Arik, Aliye E.; Acar, Meryem D.; Bostanci, Mehmet O.; Bagirici, Faruk; Kozan, RamazanGap junctions play an important role in the synchronized neuronal discharges. The main reason of the epileptic seizures is disruption of this synchronization. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore the combination valproic acid with carbenoxolone in pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats. In the first set of experiments, pentylenetetrazole (35 mg/kg intraperitoneally was administered to the rats to produce the kindling and then permanent screw electrodes to record electroencephalographic signals. The kindled rats were divided into six groups. While electroencephalographic recordings received from animals, behavioral evaluation was done by an observer. The data analysis was performed using T test and Mann-Whitney U tests. The dose of 40 mg/kg carbenoxolone was the most effective in carbenoxolone treatment groups. It prevented generalized seizures by 50%, reduced seizure stage, seizure duration and spike frequency. There was no significant difference between carbenoxolone-valproic acid combination and valproic acid on any seizure parameters. The current study is the first study which shows the interaction of carbenoxolone with valproic acid in pentylenetetrazole kindling model. As a result, carbenoxolone-valproic acid combination was not more effective than the standalone use of these drugs.Öğe Investigation of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and blood glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(Sage Publications Ltd, 2014) Sefil, Fatih; Ulutas, Kemal Turker; Dokuyucu, Recep; Sumbul, Ahmet Taner; Yengil, Erhan; Yagiz, Abdullah Erman; Yula, ErkanObjective Leukocytosis is thought to be directly associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. Increased white blood cell (WBC) count is related to cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; raised neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with metabolic syndrome. There is little information, however, concerning a correlation between glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and NLR. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between NLR and blood glucose regulation. Methods This retrospective study was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, divided into two groups according to HbA(1c) levels: group 1, HbA(1c) levels7%; group 2, HbA(1c) levels>7%. Venous WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were determined. Results Of 71 patients included, fasting serum glucose, neutrophil and WBC counts were significantly higher in group 2 compared with group 1. NLR had a positive correlation with HbA(1c). Conclusion There may be a significant relationship between NLR and blood glucose regulation. The authors propose that increased NLR may be associated with elevated HbA(1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
